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FLASH GENE
Symbol PKM contributors: mct/npt/pgu - updated : 03-09-2016
HGNC name pyruvate kinase, muscle
HGNC id 9021
PROTEIN
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
STRUCTURE
motifs/domains
mono polymer homomer , tetramer
HOMOLOGY
interspecies ortholog to rattus Pkm2
ortholog to murine Pkm2
ortholog to zebrafish pkm2
ortholog to drosophila PyK
ortholog to S. cerevisiae CDC19
Homologene
FAMILY
  • pyruvate kinase family
  • CATEGORY enzyme
    SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION     intracellular
    intracellular,cytoplasm,cytosolic
    basic FUNCTION
  • catalyzing the production of phosphoenolpyruvate from pyruvate and ATP
  • may mediate cellular metabolic effects induced by thyroid hormones
  • phosphotyrosine-binding form of pyruvate kinase which is critical for rapid growth in cancer cells
  • essential non-metabolic functions of PKM (isoform PKM2) in EGFR-promoted CTNNB1 transactivation, cell proliferation and tumorigenesis
  • role as a protein kinase in its nonmetabolic functions of histone modification, which is essential for its epigenetic regulation of gene expression and tumorigenesis
  • plays an important role in the growth and metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells in stress conditions
  • importance of nuclear functions of PKM2 in the Warburg effect and tumorigenesis
  • CELLULAR PROCESS
    PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS
    PATHWAY
    metabolism carbohydrate , energetic
    signaling
  • glycolysis, final step
  • energy pathway
  • a component
  • PKM dimer is an active protein kinase, while the tetramer is an active pyruvate kinase
  • PKM/TGM2 interplay plays an important role in the regulation of autophagy in particular under cellular stressful conditions such as those displayed by cancer cells
  • INTERACTION
    DNA
    RNA
    small molecule cofactor,
  • Mg2+
  • K+
  • protein
  • binds directly and selectively to tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides
  • OPA protein
  • interacting with HNRNPA2B1, PTBP1, and HNRNPA1 (have critical role in promoting PKM2 production in tumours, and overexpression of some combination of them is, like PKM2 expression, likely to be a general phenomenon in cancer
  • interaction with PKM2, and inhibition of PKM2 by PRL contributes potentially to the PRL-stimulated cell proliferation
  • SAICAR stimulates PKM and promotes cancer cell survival in glucose-limited conditions
  • KDM8/PKM interaction resides at the intersubunit interface region of PKM, which hinders PKM tetramerization and blocks pyruvate kinase activity
  • ZBTB7A directly binds to the promoter and represses the transcription of critical glycolytic genes, including SLC2A3, PFKP, and PKM
  • TRIM35 interacts with PKM and the coiled-coil domain is required for such an interaction
  • ECM1 plays an important role in promoting the Warburg effect mediated by PKM
  • TRIM35 inhibits phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM), which is involved in aerobic glycolysis of cancer cells
  • TGM2 interacts with PKM, a rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis which is responsible for maintaining a glycolytic phenotype in malignant cells and displays non metabolic functions, including transcriptional co-activation and protein kinase activity
  • PKM activates MTOR signaling through phosphorylating MTOR inhibitor AKT1 substrate 1 (AKT1S1)
  • cell & other
  • serine can bind to and activate PKM2, and PKM2 activity in cells is reduced in response to serine deprivation
  • REGULATION
    Other regulation of PKM activity supports the different metabolic requirements of proliferating and nonproliferating tumor cells
    ASSOCIATED DISORDERS
    corresponding disease(s)
    Other morbid association(s)
    TypeGene ModificationChromosome rearrangementProtein expressionProtein Function
    tumoral     --over  
    in gastric cancer
    tumoral     --over  
    with MYC, PTBP1, HNRNPA1 and HNRNPA2B1 in gliomas, correlated with PKM2 expression
    tumoral     --over  
    in a grade-specific manner in human glioma
    Susceptibility
    Variant & Polymorphism
    Candidate gene
    Marker
  • PKM/TRIM35 expression could be a biomarker for the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
  • Therapy target
    SystemTypeDisorderPubmed
    cancer  
    because most normal tissues express an isoform of pyruvate kinase other than PKM2, selective targeting of PKM2 provides an opportunity to target cell metabolism for cancer therapy
    ANIMAL & CELL MODELS