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FLASH GENE
Symbol HDAC6 contributors: mct/npt/pgu - updated : 11-09-2018
HGNC name histone deacetylase 6
HGNC id 14064
Corresponding disease
CDRHX chondrodysplasia rhizomelic with hydrocephaly, X-linked
Location Xp11.23      Physical location : 48.660.486 - 48.683.380
Synonym name
  • histone deacetyltransferase 6
  • microtubule-associated deacetylase
  • Synonym symbol(s) KIAA0901, JM21, HD6, FLJ16239
    EC.number 3.5.1.98
    DNA
    TYPE like-sequence
    STRUCTURE 22.89 kb     29 Exon(s)
    10 Kb 5' upstream gene genomic sequence study
    MAPPING cloned Y linked N status provisional
    RNA
    TRANSCRIPTS type messenger
    identificationnb exonstypebpproduct
    ProteinkDaAAspecific expressionYearPubmed
    29 - 4099 131.2 1215 - 2001 11474198
    - initiation site - 114 1063 - 2010 20102703
  • alsos called HDAC6-p114
  • lacks the first 152 amino acids from N-terminus
  • expression and function differentially regulated when compared to hHDAC6p131
  • critical role in TGF-beta1-activated gene expression
  • EXPRESSION
    Type ubiquitous
       expressed in (based on citations)
    organ(s)
    SystemOrgan level 1Organ level 2Organ level 3Organ level 4LevelPubmedSpeciesStageRna symbol
    Cardiovascularheart   highly
    Digestiveliver   highly
    Lymphoid/Immunethymus   moderately
    Nervousbrain   moderately
    Reproductivemale systemprostate  moderately
    Respiratorylung   moderately
    Urinarykidney    
    tissue
    SystemTissueTissue level 1Tissue level 2LevelPubmedSpeciesStageRna symbol
    Epithelialsecretoryglandularendocrine 
    Epithelialsecretoryglandularexocrine 
    Muscularstriatumskeletal  
    cell lineage
    cell lines
    fluid/secretion
    at STAGE
    PROTEIN
    PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    STRUCTURE
    motifs/domains
  • nuclear export signal peptide and 76 AAs of the N-terminal deacetylase domain
  • several BUZ domains that recognize specific C-terminal sequences of proteins
  • internal duplication of catalytic domains
  • two catalytic domains in the C terminus, and a ubiquitin-binding domain that can play a role in facilitating autophagic degradation of potentially noxious proteins
  • a C-terminal zinc finger
  • HOMOLOGY
    interspecies ortholog to Hda1
    Homologene
    FAMILY
  • histone deacetylase family
  • type 2 subfamily
  • CATEGORY enzyme , motor/contractile
    SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION     intracellular
    intracellular,cytoplasm,organelle,endosome
    intracellular,cytoplasm,cytoskeleton,microtubule
    intracellular,nucleus
    text
  • has a primary cytoplasmic localization
  • also associates with a subpopulation of endosomes
  • localized almost exclusively in the cytoplasm instead of in the nucleus
  • resides mainly in the cytoplasm and regulates many important biological processes, including cell migration and degradation of misfold proteins
  • was co-localized with EGF induced endocytic EGFR and endosomes, respectively
  • basic FUNCTION
  • deacetylates alpha-tubulin and increases cell motility
  • zinc-dependent deacetylases, playing a role in transcriptional regulation cell cycle progression, cell signaling and homeostasis
  • component of the aggresome, playing a crucial role in the cellular management of misfolded protein-induced stress
  • having functions in various cellular processes that are dependent and independent of its catalytic activity and affects cell growth, migration, and cell death
  • invoved in deacetylation of redox regulatory proteins PRDX1 and PRDX2
  • function as an alpha-tubulin deacetylase and it associates with microtubules and colocalizes with a microtubule motor complex
  • has roles in various microtubule-dependent cytoplasmic processes
  • influences actin-dependent cell motility by altering the acetylation status of cortactin, which, in turn, changes the F-actin binding activity of cortactin
  • tubulin-specific deacetylase that regulates microtubule-dependent cell movement
  • central component of the stress response, and may coordinates the formation of stress granules (SG) by mediating the motor-protein-driven movement of individual SG components along microtubules
  • regulates many important biological processes, including cell migration, immune synapse formation, viral infection, and the degradation of misfolded proteins
  • promote autophagy by recruiting cortactin to polyubiquitinated protein aggregates, leading to local actin remodeling and stimulation of autophagosome/lysosome fusion
  • deacetylates tubulin, Hsp90 and cortactin, and forms complexes with other partner proteins
  • potential scaffold functions in the regulation of cell migration and other key biological processes in which the cytoskeleton plays an important role
  • essential component of stress granules, that has key roles in different levels of cellular responses and might also regulate cytoplasmic processes such as macropinocytosis
  • involved in deacetylation of tubulin that modulates dynamics of cellular adhesions
  • promotes the polyubiquitination of CDC20, stimulates activity of CDC20-APC and drives the differentiation of dendrites
  • with FNTB are present in a protein complex together with microtubules
  • critical to the aggregation of poly-ubiquitinated proteins iduced by proteasome inhibition as well as the autophagic degradation of such aggregates
  • HDAC6 can function as a cofactor of LCOR but suggesting that they may act in enhance expressing some target genes
  • modulates fundamental cellular processes via deacetylation of alpha-tubulin, cortactin, molecular chaperones, and other peptides
  • associates with the endosomal compartments and controls epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) trafficking and degradation through modulation of tubulin acetylation
  • regulatory factor in the intracellular trafficking network that controls EGFR stability
  • required for efficient cancer cell growth and tumor development
  • deacetylates alpha-tubulin, and thereby destabilizes microtubules
  • HDAC6 inhibition antagonizes thrombin-induced microtubule disassembly
  • possible role for HDAC6 in diverse preclinical models of endothelial barrier dysfunction and the molecular mechanisms that are involved in HDAC6-mediated endothelial barrier dysfunction
  • its function requires the catalytic activity but is independent of ubiquitin binding and deacetylation of alpha-tubulin
  • necessary for angiogenesis, involving the interaction and deacetylation of cortactin that regulates endothelial cells (ECs) migration and sprouting
  • important role of a novel signalling pathway mediated by PRKCA-HDAC6-CTNNB1 in controlling IRF3-mediated transcription
  • essential regulator of hepatic glucocorticoid-stimulated gluconeogenesis and impairment of whole-body glucose metabolism through modification of glucocorticoid receptor nuclear translocation
  • deacetylates survivin to regulate its nuclear export, a feature that may provide a novel target for patients with ER+ breast cancer
  • controls the kinetics of platelet activation
  • balance of acetylation and deaceylation by ATAT1/HDAC6 enzymes with opposite activities regulates the migratory and invasive capacities of breast tumor cells
  • inhibition of its activity accelerated the trafficking of EGFR from early endosomes to late endosomes along the microtubules
  • regulates epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) endocytic trafficking and degradation in renal epithelial cells
  • multifunctional cytoplasmic protein that plays an especially critical role in the formation of aggresomes, where aggregates of excess protein are deposited
  • novel modulator of hypoxia-induced invadopodia formation
  • key participant of hypoxia-induced cell invasion
  • tubulin deacetylase that regulates protein aggregation and turnover
  • plays an important role in the regulation of mutant SOD1 aggregation
  • role for HDAC6 in regulating gene expression during transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes
  • CELLULAR PROCESS cell life
    PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS
    PATHWAY
    metabolism
    signaling
    a component
  • associating with HDAC4, HDAC5, HDAC11
  • HDAC6/dynein complex
  • PARK2 and TARDBP formed a multiprotein complex with HDAC6, perhaps to mediate TARDBP translocation
  • trimeric complex consisting of TM4SF5, HDAC6, and EXPH5 might, thus, be enriched at the perinuclear cytosols toward the leading edges
  • INTERACTION
    DNA
    RNA
    small molecule
    protein
  • interacts with cortactin (alters the ability of cortactin to bind F-actin by modulating the charge in the repeat region of cortactin and, in this way, modifies cell movement)
  • binds cortactin and that overexpression of HDAC6 leads to hypoacetylation of cortactin, whereas inhibition of HDAC6
  • activity leads to cortactin hyperacetylation
  • HDAC6 directly binds to PARK2 and mediates its transport in response to proteasome inhibition
  • binding partner of HDAC6, UBD serves as a signal for proteasomal degradation
  • downstream target of FNTA with microtubules providing the dynamic scaffold for their interaction
  • interacts with another stress granules protein, G3BP1
  • is a novel dysferlin-binding partner(DYSF prevents HDAC6 from deacetylating alpha-tubulin by physically binding to both the enzyme, via its C2D domain, and to the substrate, alpha-tubulin, via its C2A and C2B domains)
  • directly binds survivin, an interaction that is enhanced by CREBBP
  • STUB1 binds, ubiquitinates and regulates expression of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6)
  • is a critical factor for the regulation of MAPT levels
  • association of HDAC3 and HDAC6 with JDP2 and ATF3 occurs via direct protein-protein interactions
  • HDAC6 plays a crucial role in MAPK14-dependent induction of HMOX1 in response to proteasome inhibition
  • unlike other deacetylases, HDAC6 has unique substrate specificity for nonhistone proteins
  • PARK2 ubiquitinates TARDBP and facilitates its cytosolic accumulation through a multiprotein complex with HDAC6
  • enzymatic activity and the ubiquitin-binding zinc finger of HDAC6 are dispensable for its interaction with mutant SOD1 (likely mechanism of HDAC6 inhibition by mutant SOD1 is sequestration of HDAC6 into inclusions)
  • requires SEPT7 not for its enzymatic activity, but to associate with acetylated alpha-tubulin
  • HDAC6 plays a major role in the modulation of KAT5-EP400 function in stem cells
  • TRIM50 promotes the formation and clearance of aggresome-associated polyubiquitinated proteins through HDAC6 interaction, a tubulin specific deacetylase that regulates microtubule-dependent aggresome formation
  • RIPOR2 is an essential component of the HDAC6-dysferlin complex
  • RANBP9 was found to interact with HDAC6 and to inhibit its deacetylase activity
  • mitochondrial ubiquitin ligase MARCH5/MITOL was responsible for hypoxia-induced MFN2 degradation in HDAC6 deficient cells
  • MAP3K4 activity controls epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through the ubiquitination and degradation of HDAC6
  • RNF220-mediated ubiquitination promotes aggresomal accumulation and autophagic degradation of cytoplasmic GLI via HDAC6
  • cell & other
  • binds dynein motors
  • REGULATION
    activated by by hypoxia and is essential for angiogenesis
    induced by is induced to enter the nucleus by CREBBP and is required for survivin nuclear export, suggesting a control mechanism that promotes trafficking of deacetylated survivin out of the nucleus, perhaps to enhance its function within the cytosol
    Other HDAC6 mRNA stabilization appears not to be regulated by TDARDBP and FUS
    acetylation is an important post-translational modification that regulates HDAC6 tubulin deacetylase activity and nuclear import
    ASSOCIATED DISORDERS
    corresponding disease(s) CDRHX
    Other morbid association(s)
    TypeGene ModificationChromosome rearrangementProtein expressionProtein Function
    constitutional     --low  
    in microtubule dynamics sufficient to decrease focal adhesion turnover, and decreased dynamics of hyperacetylated microtubules in HDAC6-inhibited cells compromises their capacity to mediate the focal adhesion dynamics required for rapid cell migration
    constitutional     --over  
    may, through its interaction with RUNX2, alter the IHH developmental pathway and thus lead to abnormal bone morphogenesis
    Susceptibility
    Variant & Polymorphism
    Candidate gene prime target for cancer chemotherapy
    Marker
    Therapy target
    SystemTypeDisorderPubmed
    neurologyacquired 
    potential nontoxic therapeutic target for ameliorating CNS injury characterized by oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration and insufficient axonal regeneration
    blood  
    therapeutic potential of HDAC6-specific inhibitors in endothelial barrier dysfunction
    neurology  
    HDAC6 inhibitors are a therapeutic strategy for hereditary axonopathies
    neuromuscularspinal muscular atrophy 
    with HDAC2 may be the most compelling targets for SMA therapy (inhibition of HDAC6 alters potentially the stability of the SMN protein by countering any mechanism that may promote the proteosome based degradation of SMN)
    neurologyneurodegenerative 
    translational value of HDAC6 in ALS therapy is yet to be further evaluated
    cancerdigestive 
    restoration of primary cilia in tumor cells by HDAC6 targeting may be a potential therapeutic approach for cholangiocarcinoma
    tumorkidneypolycystic kidney
    , targeting HDAC6 to downregulate EGFR activity may provide a potential therapeutic approach to treat polycystic kidney disease
    neurologyneurodegenerativealzheimer
    may be a therapeutic target for AD
    miscelleaneousurinary 
    targeting HDAC6 to downregulate EGFR activity may provide a potential therapeutic approach to treat polycystic kidney disease
    ANIMAL & CELL MODELS
  • Hdac6 inhibitors reverse axonal loss in a mouse model of mutant Hspb1-induced Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (