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| All Atg5-null mice died within 1 day of delivery, the survival time of starved Atg5-deficient neonates (approximately 12 hours) was much shorter than that of wildtype mice (approximately 21 hours). Atg5-deficient neonates exhibited reduced amino acid concentrations in plasma and tissues and displayed signs of energy depletion. Neonates adapt to immediate post-birth starvation by inducing autophagy | |
mice deficient for Atg5 or Atg7 specifically in the dopaminergic neurons were less sensitive to developing a morphine reward response, behavioral sensitization, analgesic tolerance and physical dependence compared to wild-type mice  |
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Atg5-deficient mice displayed abnormal Tbx2 expression and defects in valve development and chamber septation |