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FLASH GENE
Symbol PROK1 contributors: mct/npt - updated : 02-10-2020
HGNC name prokineticin 1
HGNC id 18454
PROTEIN
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
STRUCTURE
motifs/domains
HOMOLOGY
Homologene
FAMILY
  • AVIT (prokineticin) family
  • CATEGORY regulatory
    SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION extracellular
    basic FUNCTION
  • inducing proliferation, migration and fenestration (the formation of membrane discontinuities) in capillary endothelial cells derived from endocrine glands
  • potent angiogenic factor that bind to two G protein-coupled receptors to initiate its biological effects (Urayama 2007)
  • functions including tissue-specific angiogenesis, modulation of inflammatory responses, and regulation of hematopoiesis (Evans 2008)
  • enhances adhesion of trophoblast cells to fibronectin and laminin matrices, which are mediated predominantly via LIF induction, and mediates fetal-maternal dialogue regulating endometrial leukemia inhibitory factor (Evans 2009)
  • highly specific mitogen which regulates proliferation and differentiation of the vascular endothelium (Morales 2007)
  • (PROK1) signalling via prokineticin receptor 1 (PROKR1) regulates the expression of several genes with important roles in endometrial receptivity and implantation
  • important roles for PROK1 and DKK1 during endometrial receptivity and early pregnancy, which include regulation of endometrial cell proliferation and decidualization
  • is an angiogenic factor identified as a new placental growth factor during human pregnancy
  • is a new cytokine that acts locally to ensure fetal membrane (FM) protection in late pregnancy
  • both PROK1 and PROK2 have been found to regulate a stunning array of biological functions
  • PROK1 acts as a potent angiogenic mitogen, thus earning its other name, endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial factor
  • during early pregnancy, PROK1 exhibits a peak of placental expression shortly before the establishment of the feto-maternal circulation
  • is also a pro-angiogenic placental factor that increases microvascular placental endothelial cells proliferation, migration, invasion, and permeability
  • is a central factor of human placentation with direct roles both in the control of trophoblast invasion and villous growth
  • during trophoblast invasion, endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (PROK1) is the key regulator mediating the crosstalk at the feto-maternal interface
  • hypoxia-regulated angiogenic factor, has emerged as a crucial regulator of embryo implantation and placentation
  • insulin and androgens both are involved in the regulation of PROK1 that could have implications for normal and pathological pregnancies
  • CELLULAR PROCESS
    PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS
    PATHWAY
    metabolism
    signaling
    PROK1-PROKR1 signalling pathway regulating IL11
    a component
    INTERACTION
    DNA
    RNA
    small molecule
    protein
  • PROK1-PROKR1 interaction induced inositol phosphate mobilization and sequential phosphorylation of c-Src, epidermal growth factor receptor, and ERK 1/2 (Evans 2008)
  • PROK1 regulates CTGF expression via the Gq, phospholipase C (PLC), cSrc, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) kinase pathway activation
  • PROK1 and PROK2 bind to two highly related G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), prokineticin receptor 1 (PROKR1) and prokineticin receptor 2 (PROKR2)
  • PROK1, PROK2 increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, which could be prevented by PROKR1 and PROKR2 antagonists
  • cell & other
    REGULATION
    ASSOCIATED DISORDERS
    corresponding disease(s)
    Other morbid association(s)
    TypeGene ModificationChromosome rearrangementProtein expressionProtein Function
    constitutional     --other  
    dysregulation of PROK1 has beenlinked to recurrent pregnancy loss, pre-eclampsia, foetal growth restriction and preterm birth
    Susceptibility
    Variant & Polymorphism
    Candidate gene
    Marker
  • PROK1 quantification in individual follicular fluid (FF) could constitute a new predictive biomarker of oocyte competence in addition with embryo morphokinetic parameters
  • Therapy target
    ANIMAL & CELL MODELS