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FLASH GENE
Symbol PROK1 contributors: mct/npt - updated : 02-10-2020
HGNC name prokineticin 1
HGNC id 18454
DNA
TYPE functioning gene
STRUCTURE 6.19 kb     3 Exon(s)
Genomic sequence alignment details
10 Kb 5' upstream gene genomic sequence study
MAPPING cloned Y linked N status provisional
RNA
TRANSCRIPTS type messenger
identificationnb exonstypebpproduct
ProteinkDaAAspecific expressionYearPubmed
3 - 1393 - 105 - 2019 30551529
EXPRESSION
Type restricted
   expressed in (based on citations)
organ(s)
SystemOrgan level 1Organ level 2Organ level 3Organ level 4LevelPubmedSpeciesStageRna symbol
Endocrineadrenal gland    
 pancreas    
Nervousbrainhindbrainmedulla oblongata  
Reproductivefemale systemplacenta  highly Homo sapiens
 male systemtestis   
cell lineage
cell lines
fluid/secretion
at STAGE
physiological period pregnancy
Text placenta, expressed in the receptive endometrium and during early pregnancy (Evans 2009)
PROTEIN
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
STRUCTURE
motifs/domains
HOMOLOGY
Homologene
FAMILY
  • AVIT (prokineticin) family
  • CATEGORY regulatory
    SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION extracellular
    basic FUNCTION
  • inducing proliferation, migration and fenestration (the formation of membrane discontinuities) in capillary endothelial cells derived from endocrine glands
  • potent angiogenic factor that bind to two G protein-coupled receptors to initiate its biological effects (Urayama 2007)
  • functions including tissue-specific angiogenesis, modulation of inflammatory responses, and regulation of hematopoiesis (Evans 2008)
  • enhances adhesion of trophoblast cells to fibronectin and laminin matrices, which are mediated predominantly via LIF induction, and mediates fetal-maternal dialogue regulating endometrial leukemia inhibitory factor (Evans 2009)
  • highly specific mitogen which regulates proliferation and differentiation of the vascular endothelium (Morales 2007)
  • (PROK1) signalling via prokineticin receptor 1 (PROKR1) regulates the expression of several genes with important roles in endometrial receptivity and implantation
  • important roles for PROK1 and DKK1 during endometrial receptivity and early pregnancy, which include regulation of endometrial cell proliferation and decidualization
  • is an angiogenic factor identified as a new placental growth factor during human pregnancy
  • is a new cytokine that acts locally to ensure fetal membrane (FM) protection in late pregnancy
  • both PROK1 and PROK2 have been found to regulate a stunning array of biological functions
  • PROK1 acts as a potent angiogenic mitogen, thus earning its other name, endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial factor
  • during early pregnancy, PROK1 exhibits a peak of placental expression shortly before the establishment of the feto-maternal circulation
  • is also a pro-angiogenic placental factor that increases microvascular placental endothelial cells proliferation, migration, invasion, and permeability
  • is a central factor of human placentation with direct roles both in the control of trophoblast invasion and villous growth
  • during trophoblast invasion, endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (PROK1) is the key regulator mediating the crosstalk at the feto-maternal interface
  • hypoxia-regulated angiogenic factor, has emerged as a crucial regulator of embryo implantation and placentation
  • insulin and androgens both are involved in the regulation of PROK1 that could have implications for normal and pathological pregnancies
  • CELLULAR PROCESS
    PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS
    PATHWAY
    metabolism
    signaling
    PROK1-PROKR1 signalling pathway regulating IL11
    a component
    INTERACTION
    DNA
    RNA
    small molecule
    protein
  • PROK1-PROKR1 interaction induced inositol phosphate mobilization and sequential phosphorylation of c-Src, epidermal growth factor receptor, and ERK 1/2 (Evans 2008)
  • PROK1 regulates CTGF expression via the Gq, phospholipase C (PLC), cSrc, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) kinase pathway activation
  • PROK1 and PROK2 bind to two highly related G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), prokineticin receptor 1 (PROKR1) and prokineticin receptor 2 (PROKR2)
  • cell & other
    REGULATION
    ASSOCIATED DISORDERS
    corresponding disease(s)
    Other morbid association(s)
    TypeGene ModificationChromosome rearrangementProtein expressionProtein Function
    constitutional     --other  
    dysregulation of PROK1 has beenlinked to recurrent pregnancy loss, pre-eclampsia, foetal growth restriction and preterm birth
    Susceptibility
    Variant & Polymorphism
    Candidate gene
    Marker
  • PROK1 quantification in individual follicular fluid (FF) could constitute a new predictive biomarker of oocyte competence in addition with embryo morphokinetic parameters
  • Therapy target
    ANIMAL & CELL MODELS