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FLASH GENE

Symbol

PROK1

contributors: mct/npt - updated : 02-10-2020

HGNC name	prokineticin 1
HGNC id	18454

FLASH GENE DNA RNA EXPRESSION PROTEIN DISORDER ANIMAL & CELL MODELS

EXPRESSION

Type	restricted

expressed in	(based on citations)
organ(s)	System Organ level 1 Organ level 2 Organ level 3 Organ level 4 Level Pubmed Species Stage Rna symbol Endocrine adrenal gland           pancreas         Nervous brain hindbrain medulla oblongata     Reproductive female system placenta     highly Homo sapiens   male system testis

cell lineage

cell lines

fluid/secretion

at STAGE

physiological period

pregnancy

Text	placenta, expressed in the receptive endometrium and during early pregnancy (Evans 2009)

PROTEIN

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

STRUCTURE

motifs/domains

HOMOLOGY

Homologene

FAMILY

AVIT (prokineticin) family

CATEGORY

regulatory

SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION

extracellular

basic FUNCTION	inducing proliferation, migration and fenestration (the formation of membrane discontinuities) in capillary endothelial cells derived from endocrine glands
	potent angiogenic factor that bind to two G protein-coupled receptors to initiate its biological effects (Urayama 2007)
	functions including tissue-specific angiogenesis, modulation of inflammatory responses, and regulation of hematopoiesis (Evans 2008)
	enhances adhesion of trophoblast cells to fibronectin and laminin matrices, which are mediated predominantly via LIF induction, and mediates fetal-maternal dialogue regulating endometrial leukemia inhibitory factor (Evans 2009)
	highly specific mitogen which regulates proliferation and differentiation of the vascular endothelium (Morales 2007)
	(PROK1) signalling via prokineticin receptor 1 (PROKR1) regulates the expression of several genes with important roles in endometrial receptivity and implantation
	important roles for PROK1 and DKK1 during endometrial receptivity and early pregnancy, which include regulation of endometrial cell proliferation and decidualization
	is an angiogenic factor identified as a new placental growth factor during human pregnancy
	is a new cytokine that acts locally to ensure fetal membrane (FM) protection in late pregnancy
	both PROK1 and PROK2 have been found to regulate a stunning array of biological functions
	PROK1 acts as a potent angiogenic mitogen, thus earning its other name, endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial factor
	during early pregnancy, PROK1 exhibits a peak of placental expression shortly before the establishment of the feto-maternal circulation
	is also a pro-angiogenic placental factor that increases microvascular placental endothelial cells proliferation, migration, invasion, and permeability
	is a central factor of human placentation with direct roles both in the control of trophoblast invasion and villous growth
	during trophoblast invasion, endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (PROK1) is the key regulator mediating the crosstalk at the feto-maternal interface
	hypoxia-regulated angiogenic factor, has emerged as a crucial regulator of embryo implantation and placentation
	insulin and androgens both are involved in the regulation of PROK1 that could have implications for normal and pathological pregnancies

CELLULAR PROCESS

PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS

PATHWAY

metabolism

signaling

PROK1-PROKR1 signalling pathway regulating IL11

a component

INTERACTION

DNA

RNA

small molecule

protein	PROK1-PROKR1 interaction induced inositol phosphate mobilization and sequential phosphorylation of c-Src, epidermal growth factor receptor, and ERK 1/2 (Evans 2008)
	PROK1 regulates CTGF expression via the Gq, phospholipase C (PLC), cSrc, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) kinase pathway activation
	PROK1 and PROK2 bind to two highly related G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), prokineticin receptor 1 (PROKR1) and prokineticin receptor 2 (PROKR2)
	PROK1, PROK2 increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, which could be prevented by PROKR1 and PROKR2 antagonists

cell & other

REGULATION

ASSOCIATED DISORDERS

corresponding disease(s)

Other morbid association(s)

Type Gene Modification Chromosome rearrangement Protein expression Protein Function constitutional     --other   dysregulation of PROK1 has beenlinked to recurrent pregnancy loss, pre-eclampsia, foetal growth restriction and preterm birth

Susceptibility

Variant & Polymorphism

Candidate gene
Marker	PROK1 quantification in individual follicular fluid (FF) could constitute a new predictive biomarker of oocyte competence in addition with embryo morphokinetic parameters
Therapy target

ANIMAL & CELL MODELS