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FLASH GENE

Symbol

PROK2

contributors: mct - updated : 18-11-2018

HGNC name	prokineticin 2
HGNC id	18455

FLASH GENE DNA RNA EXPRESSION PROTEIN DISORDER ANIMAL & CELL MODELS

DNA

TYPE	functioning gene
STRUCTURE	13.55 kb     4 Exon(s)

10 Kb 5' upstream gene genomic sequence study

MAPPING

cloned

Y

linked

N

status

provisional

RNA

TRANSCRIPTS	type	messenger

identification nb exons type bp product Protein kDa AA specific expression Year Pubmed NM_001126128 4 - 1613 NP_001119600 14.3 129 lower in brain, undetectable in kidney, and much higher in lung and spleen 2005 15772293 PKL2 long form NM_021935 3 splicing 1550 NP_068754 8 108 - 2005 15772293

EXPRESSION

Type

expressed in	(based on citations)
organ(s)	System Organ level 1 Organ level 2 Organ level 3 Organ level 4 Level Pubmed Species Stage Rna symbol Cardiovascular vessel       highly Nervous brain diencephalon hypothalamus suprachiasmatic nuclei   Homo sapiens   nerve cranial nerve     predominantly Reproductive male system testis       Homo sapiens

tissue

System Tissue Tissue level 1 Tissue level 2 Level Pubmed Species Stage Rna symbol Blood / hematopoietic bone marrow     moderately Nervous central     moderately Homo sapiens Nervous peripherous

cell lineage

cell lines

fluid/secretion

at STAGE

PROTEIN

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

STRUCTURE

motifs/domains	an N-terminal hexapeptide sequence (AVITGA)
	cysteine rich domains forming disulfide bounds, 10 conserved cysteine residues within the 81 AA in its mature form

isoforms

Precursor

a 27 aa signal peptide of 2.9 kda and a 81 aa mature peptide

HOMOLOGY

interspecies	homolog to rattus Prok2 (95.1 pc)
	homolog to murine Prok2 (94.1 pc)

Homologene

FAMILY

CATEGORY

regulatory

SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION

extracellular

basic FUNCTION	endogenous neurotrophic factor supporting neuronal survival through the activation of the MAPK/PI3K pathways
	transmetting the behavioral circadian rhythm of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) by functioning as an output molecule from the SCN
	functioning as a chemoattractant for SVZ-derived neuronal progenitors
	may also act as a detachment signal for chain-migrating progenitors arriving from the rostral migratory stream
	potently contracting gastrointestinal (GI) smooth muscle
	modulating mobilization of haematopoietic cell mobilization from the bone marrow during tumour development
	promoting angiogenesis
	can be activated by pathological stimuli such as hypoxia-ischemia and excitotoxic glutamate and is a deleterious mediator for cerebral ischemia
	potentiates the activity of acid-sensing ion channels in the primary sensory neurons
	is a proalgesic factor and its signaling likely contributes to acidosis-evoked pain by sensitizing acid-sensing ion channels
	PROK2 increases the activity of acid-sensing ion channels via the PROKR2 and protein kinase C-dependent signal pathways
	is a regulator in the thermoregulation and energy expenditure
	PROK2 may likely transmit circadian timing information to some neurobehavioral neural networks
	both PROK1 and PROK2 have been found to regulate a stunning array of biological functions

CELLULAR PROCESS

PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS

circadian , development

text	rhytmically expressed in the SCN
	neurogenesis

PATHWAY

metabolism

signaling

PROK2 signaling pathway has been shown to be a critical regulator of olfactory bulb morphogenesis and sexual maturation

a component

complex PROC2/PROCR2 plays a role in GNRH1 neuron development beyond olfactory bulb morphogenesis

INTERACTION

DNA

RNA

small molecule

protein	PROK2-induced the formation of vessel-like structures by aortic endothelial cells expressing only PROKR1, and disorganized the tight junctions in hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells expressing only PROKR2, confirming the divergent roles of these receptors
	TBX20 is a novel transcription factor regulating angiogenesis through the PROK2-PROKR1 (prokineticin receptor 1) pathway in both development and disease
	PROK1 and PROK2 bind to two highly related G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), prokineticin receptor 1 (PROKR1) and prokineticin receptor 2 (PROKR2)
	PROK1, PROK2 increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, which could be prevented by PROKR1 and PROKR2 antagonists

cell & other

REGULATION

activated by

CLOCK and BMAL1 heterodimers and light

induced by

granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

inhibited by

period genes (PER1, PER2 and PER3) and cryptochrome genes (CRY1 and CRY2)

Other

controlled by circadian clock

ASSOCIATED DISORDERS

corresponding disease(s)

KAL4

Susceptibility

Variant & Polymorphism

Candidate gene

Marker

Therapy target

ANIMAL & CELL MODELS