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FLASH GENE
Symbol HRG contributors: mct/npt - updated : 22-03-2018
HGNC name histidine-rich glycoprotein
HGNC id 5181
Corresponding disease
HRG thrombophilia
Location 3q27.3      Physical location : 186.383.797 - 186.396.022
Synonym name
  • thrombophilia due to elevated HRG
  • histidine-proline rich glycoprotein
    • Synonym symbol(s) HPRG, HRGP, DKFZp779H1622
    DNA
    TYPE functioning gene
    STRUCTURE 12.23 kb     7 Exon(s)
    10 Kb 5' upstream gene genomic sequence study
    MAPPING cloned Y linked N status confirmed
    RNA
    TRANSCRIPTS type messenger
    identificationnb exonstypebpproduct
    ProteinkDaAAspecific expressionYearPubmed
    7 - 1964 57.7 525 - Handerson (2009)
    EXPRESSION
    Type
       expressed in (based on citations)
    organ(s)
    SystemOrgan level 1Organ level 2Organ level 3Organ level 4LevelPubmedSpeciesStageRna symbol
    Digestiveliver    
    Urinarykidney    
    cell lineage
    cell lines
    fluid/secretion plasma
    at STAGE
    PROTEIN
    PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    STRUCTURE
    motifs/domains
  • two cystatin-like domains
  • two intrachain disulfide bonds
    • histidine-rich glycoprotein
  • histidine-rich and heparin-binding domain mediating the antibacterial activity of the protein (Rydengard 2007)
    • conjugated GlycoP
    HOMOLOGY
    Homologene
    FAMILY
  • cystatin (cysteine proteinase inhibitor) superfamily
    • CATEGORY enzyme
    SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION extracellular
    basic FUNCTION
  • playing a role in modulating coagulation and fibrinolysis
  • has the unique property of selectively recognizing necrotic cells and may play an important physiological role by facilitating the uptake and clearance of necrotic, but not apoptotic, cells by phagocytes (Jones 2005)
  • exerts antibacterial effects against Gram-positive bacteria (enterococcus faecalis and staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (escherichia coli and pseudomonas aeruginosa) (Rydengard 2007)
  • may assist in the maintenance of normal immune function by mediating the clearance of necrotic material, inhibiting the formation of insoluble immune complexes and enhancing their ability to activate complement, resulting in faster clearance (Manderson 2009)
    • CELLULAR PROCESS
    PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS
    PATHWAY
    metabolism
    signaling
    a component
    INTERACTION
    DNA
    RNA
    small molecule
    protein
  • binding plasminogen and heparin
  • plasma proteins involved in blood coagulation and fibronolysis
  • also binds very strongly, in a heparan sulfate-independent manner, to cytoplasmic ligand(s) exposed in necrotic cells (interaction is mediated by the N-terminal domain of HRG and results in enhanced phagocytosis of the necrotic cells by a monocytic cell line) (Jones 2005)
  • binds strongly to several complement proteins: C1q, factor H and C4b-binding protein (both HRG and C1q bind to necrotic cells and increase their phagocytosis) (Manderson 2009)
  • NR1H4 controls the liver derived tumor suppressor HRG
    • cell & other
    REGULATION
    Other proteolytic cleavage of HRG by plasmin may provide a feedback mechanism to regulate the effects of HRG on the plasminogen/plasmin system and other functions of HRG (Poon 2009)
    ASSOCIATED DISORDERS
    corresponding disease(s) HRG
    Susceptibility to shortening of the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
    Variant & Polymorphism SNP a nonsynonymous coding SNP (610C>T, Pro204Ser) in exon 5 increasing the risk of aPTT (Houlihan 2010)
    Candidate gene
    Marker
    Therapy target
    ANIMAL & CELL MODELS