Selected-GenAtlas references SOURCE GeneCards NCBI Gene Swiss-Prot Ensembl
HGNC UniGene Nucleotide OMIM UCSC
Home Page
FLASH GENE
Symbol HK2 contributors: mct/npt/pgu - updated : 22-12-2020
HGNC name hexokinase 2
HGNC id 4923
Location 2p12      Physical location : 75.059.781 - 75.120.474
Synonym name
  • hexokinase-2, muscle
  • hexokinase type II
  • Synonym symbol(s) HKII, HXK2, DKFZp686M1669
    EC.number 2.7.1.1
    DNA
    TYPE functioning gene
    STRUCTURE 59.23 kb     18 Exon(s)
    10 Kb 5' upstream gene genomic sequence study
    regulatory sequence Binding site   transcription factor
    text structure two functional TP53 response elements on the promoter
    MAPPING cloned Y linked Y status confirmed
    Map pter - [TGFA - D2S101 - D2S45 ] - [D2S291 - D2S145 ] -[HK2 - D2S268 ] - D2S169 - cen
    RNA
    TRANSCRIPTS type messenger
    identificationnb exonstypebpproduct
    ProteinkDaAAspecific expressionYearPubmed
    18 - 5626 - 917 - 1995 7883122
    18 - 5278 - 889 - 1995 7883122
    EXPRESSION
    Type widely
       expressed in (based on citations)
    organ(s)
    SystemOrgan level 1Organ level 2Organ level 3Organ level 4LevelPubmedSpeciesStageRna symbol
    Digestivemouthtongue  highly
    Reproductivemale systemtestis  moderately
    Respiratoryrespiratory tractlarynx  highly
    Urinarybladder   moderately
    Visualeye   moderately
    tissue
    SystemTissueTissue level 1Tissue level 2LevelPubmedSpeciesStageRna symbol
    Blood / hematopoieticbone marrow   
    Connectiveadipose   
    Muscular    
    cell lineage
    cell lines
    fluid/secretion
    at STAGE
    PROTEIN
    PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Hydrophobic
    STRUCTURE
    motifs/domains
  • an N-terminal regulatory domain
  • a hydrophobic N-terminal sequence may be involved in membrane binding
  • a C-terminal catalytic domain (N-terminal half is significantly more catalytic than the C-terminal half in addition to having a significantly higher Km for ATP and Glu)
  • mono polymer monomer
    HOMOLOGY
    interspecies ortholog to murine Hk2
    ortholog to rattus Hk2
    Homologene
    FAMILY
  • hexokinase family
  • CATEGORY enzyme
    SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION     intracellular
    intracellular,cytoplasm,organelle,mitochondria,outer
    intracellular,cytoplasm,organelle,membrane
    intracellular,cytoplasm,cytosolic
    intracellular,cytoplasm,cytoskeleton,microtubule,centrosome
    basic FUNCTION
  • involved in the regulation of progression through cell cycle
  • phosphorylating glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate
  • induction may participate in hepatocellular carcinomas progression
  • promotes neuronal survival and acts downstream of glycogen synthase kinase-3
  • acts through UCP3 to suppress mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and maintain aerobic respiration
  • glycolytic enzyme hexokinase 2 (HK2) is crucial for the Warburg effect in human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common malignant brain tumor
  • HK2 is required for tumor initiation and maintenance
  • HK2 plays important roles in glycolysis regulation and in cell cycle checkpoint activation
  • HK2 functions likely as a molecular switch from glycolysis to autophagy to ensure cellular energy homeostasis under starvation conditions
  • HK2 was required for the lung cancer cell growth
  • plays a pivotal role in the glycolytic pathway
  • plays important roles in the glycolytic, proliferation and migration properties of colorectal carcinoma
  • CELLULAR PROCESS cell cycle, progression
    PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS
    PATHWAY
    metabolism carbohydrate , energetic
    signaling
    first step of several metabolic pathways like glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, energy pathways
    a component
    INTERACTION
    DNA
    RNA
    small molecule nucleotide, other,
  • ATP
  • can phosphorylate glucose during phospholipid biosynthesis
  • protein
  • binding HDAC1, in the outer mitochondrial membrane (VDAC1-based peptides interfering with HK-mediated anti-apoptotic activity may potentiate the efficacy of conventional chemotherapeutic agents)
  • interacting with UCP3 (required for the HK2-mediated decrease in mitochondrial ROS emission)
  • ATP6V0C protects cells against apoptosis through the regulation of HK2 expression
  • CYGB suppressed key glucose metabolism factors including SLC2A1 and HK2 in TP53-dependent and -independent manners
  • FUBP1 upregulates the mRNA levels of two hexokinase genes, HK1 and HK2
  • cell & other
    REGULATION
    induced by mutant p53 in liver tumors, and perhaps in many other tumors
    TRAF3 deficiency that led to induction of two proteins important for glucose metabolism, SLC2A1 and HK2
    inhibited by Glc-6-P
    ASSOCIATED DISORDERS
    corresponding disease(s)
    related resource MITOP database
    Other morbid association(s)
    TypeGene ModificationChromosome rearrangementProtein expressionProtein Function
    tumoral     --over  
    HK2 overexpression correlates with worse overall survival of glioblastoma patients
    Susceptibility
    Variant & Polymorphism
    Candidate gene
    Marker
  • HK2 status was an independent prognostic factor for both disease-free and overall survival in colorectal carcinoma
  • Therapy target
    SystemTypeDisorderPubmed
    cancerlung 
    promising treatment target for NSCLC with KRAS activating and TP53 function loss
    ANIMAL & CELL MODELS