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FLASH GENE

Symbol

CYGB

contributors: mct - updated : 11-01-2015

HGNC name	cytoglobin
HGNC id	16505

FLASH GENE DNA RNA EXPRESSION PROTEIN DISORDER ANIMAL & CELL MODELS

Location	17q25.2      Physical location : 74.523.439 - 74.533.782
Synonym name	histoglobin
	stellate cell activation associated protein
Synonym symbol(s)	HGB, STAP

DNA

TYPE	functioning gene
STRUCTURE	10.34 kb     4 Exon(s)

10 Kb 5' upstream gene genomic sequence study

regulatory sequence	Promoter
	Binding site   transcription factor   HRE
text structure	6 alternative exons
	proximal promoter elements are located between -1113 to -10 relative to the translation start site
	expression can be up-regulated by c-Ets-1 and Sp1 motifs
	hypoxia responsive elements (HREs) at positions -141, -144 and -448 that were essential for activation of CYGB expression under hypoxic conditions

MAPPING

cloned

Y

linked

N

status

provisional

RNA

TRANSCRIPTS	type	messenger

text	four alternative transcripts altogether encoding 3 proteins (ACE/NCBI)

identification nb exons type bp product Protein kDa AA specific expression Year Pubmed NM_134268 4 - 1951 - 190 - 2003 12718557

EXPRESSION

Type

widely

expressed in

(based on citations)

organ(s)

System Organ level 1 Organ level 2 Organ level 3 Organ level 4 Level Pubmed Species Stage Rna symbol Cardiovascular heart       highly Endocrine adrenal gland       highly   neuroendocrine pituitary     highly Nervous brain       highly Homo sapiens   brain diencephalon hypothalamus   highly Homo sapiens   brain limbic system hippocampus   highly Homo sapiens   brain diencephalon thalamus   highly Homo sapiens Visual eye retina     highly Homo sapiens

tissue

System Tissue Tissue level 1 Tissue level 2 Level Pubmed Species Stage Rna symbol Connective bone     highly Epithelial barrier lining retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)     Homo sapiens Epithelial sensory visual ganglion cell layer   Homo sapiens Epithelial sensory visual inner nuclear layer   Homo sapiens

cells

System Cell Pubmed Species Stage Rna symbol Nervous neuron Homo sapiens not specific fibroblast Homo sapiens

cell lineage

cell lines

fluid/secretion

at STAGE

PROTEIN

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

STRUCTURE

motifs/domains

a hexacoordinated heme pocket similar to other pentacoordinated globin proteins

HOMOLOGY

interspecies	ortholog to zebrafish cygb
	ortholog to murine Cygb

Homologene

FAMILY

vertebrate globin family

CATEGORY

tumor suppressor , transport

SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION	intracellular
	intracellular,cytoplasm,organelle,mitochondria
	intracellular,cytoplasm,cytoskeleton,microtubule
	intracellular,nucleus
text	found in cytoplasm, along neurotubuli, in mitochondria and in the nucleus

basic FUNCTION	facilitating oxygen transport
	in neuronal cells might be specifically induced under oxidative stress to protect them from death
	functions as a tumor suppressor gene
	NGB and CYGB may serve a neuroprotective role as scavengers of reactive oxygen species
	expressed in the vasculature and regulates cell respiration and proliferation via nitric oxide dioxygenation
	may potentially have a functional role in calcium-dependent events accompanying cardiac remodeling
	protective function during conditions of oxydative stress
	role in nitric oxide signalling for CYGB and involvement in sleep-wake cycling for CYGB and NGB
	plays an important role in protection of the kidney against fibrosis via the amelioration of oxidative stress
	binding of ferric cytoglobin to lipids and their subsequent transformation may be integral to the physiological function of cytoglobin, generating cell signalling lipid molecules under an oxidative environment
	serves as a defensive mechanism against oxidative stress

CELLULAR PROCESS

PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS

PATHWAY

metabolism

signaling

a component

INTERACTION

DNA

RNA

small molecule	metal binding,
	small heme binding O2+

protein

CYGB suppressed key glucose metabolism factors including SLC2A1 and HK2 in TP53-dependent and -independent manners

cell & other

REGULATION

ASSOCIATED DISORDERS

corresponding disease(s)

Other morbid association(s)

Type Gene Modification Chromosome rearrangement Protein expression Protein Function tumoral         in oesophageal biopsies from tylotic patients (TOC) constitutional     --over   under hypoxic and/or ischemic conditions increases cell survival, suggesting possible protective roles through prevention of oxidative damage tumoral     --over   hypoxic up-regulation of CYGB/NGB in glioblastoma multiforme cell lines and tumor tissues tumoral     --low   in breast cancer tissues and cell lines, which was associated with promoter methylation

Susceptibility

Variant & Polymorphism

Candidate gene
Marker
Therapy target
	System Type Disorder Pubmed neurosensorial visual retina should be considered when developing therapeutic strategies for treatment of hypoxia-related ocular diseases cancer brain glioma/neuroblstoma modulating cytoglobin levels may be a promising treatment strategy for sensitizing human glioma cells to oxidative stress that is induced by ionizing radiation, certain chemotherapies and ischemia-reperfusion. miscelleaneous urinary chronic kidney disease might represent a good therapeutic target in chronic kidney disease

ANIMAL & CELL MODELS