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FLASH GENE
Symbol AICDA contributors: mct/pgu - updated : 22-02-2018
HGNC name activation-induced cytidine deaminase
HGNC id 13203
Corresponding disease
HIGM2 immunodeficiency with hyper IgM, syndrome 2
Location 12p13.31      Physical location : 8.754.761 - 8.765.442
Synonym name
  • cytidine aminohydrolase
  • activation-induced deaminase
  • integrated into Burkitt's lymphoma cell line Ramos
  • Synonym symbol(s) AID, CDA2, ARP2
    EC.number 3.5.4.5
    DNA
    TYPE functioning gene
    SPECIAL FEATURE arranged in tandem
    STRUCTURE 10.68 kb     5 Exon(s)
    10 Kb 5' upstream gene genomic sequence study
    MAPPING cloned Y linked N status provisional
    Map see HIGM2
    RNA
    TRANSCRIPTS type messenger
    identificationnb exonstypebpproduct
    ProteinkDaAAspecific expressionYearPubmed
    5 - 2794 23.9 198 - 2009 19196959
    - - 2785 - 188 - 2009 19196959
    EXPRESSION
    Type restricted
       expressed in (based on citations)
    organ(s)
    SystemOrgan level 1Organ level 2Organ level 3Organ level 4LevelPubmedSpeciesStageRna symbol
    blood / hematopoieticspleen    
    Lymphoid/Immunelymph node    
     tonsils    
    tissue
    SystemTissueTissue level 1Tissue level 2LevelPubmedSpeciesStageRna symbol
    Lymphoid    
    cells
    SystemCellPubmedSpeciesStageRna symbol
    Skin/Tegumentkeratinocyte Homo sapiens
    cell lineage germinal center B cells and stimulated B lymphocytes
    cell lines
    fluid/secretion
    at STAGE
    PROTEIN
    PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    STRUCTURE
    motifs/domains
  • N region between Gly47 and Gly54 most important for the dimer fondation
  • a C conserved cytidine deaminase motif
  • a C terminal leucine-rich region, likely required for S-region recombination after DNA cleavage (Doi 2009), essential for class switching, was also required for its interaction with poly(A)(+) RNA
  • mono polymer homomer , dimer
    HOMOLOGY
    interspecies homolog to murine Aid
    intraspecies homolog to APOBEC1
    Homologene
    FAMILY
  • cytidine and deoxycytidylate deaminase family
  • RNA-deaminase editing family
  • AID/APOBEC family
  • CATEGORY enzyme , immunity/defense , regulatory
    SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION     intracellular
    intracellular,cytoplasm
    intracellular,nucleus
    text
  • nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking protein
  • enforced nuclear localization of AICDA in G1 phase accelerates somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination, and is well-tolerated; while nuclear AICDA compromises viability in S-G2/M phase cells
  • basic FUNCTION
  • single-stranded DNA deaminase required for somatic hypermutation of Ig genes
  • modulator of Ig gene information, putatively involved in editing
  • functions distributively whereas cytoplasmic APOBEC3G has a processive mode of action
  • controlling all B cell-specific modification of Ig gene Ig-class switch recombination (CSR) and IgV somatic hypermutation (SHM)
  • deaminates deoxycytidine residues in immunoglobulin genes, triggering antibody diversification
  • having many of the properties of RNA-editing enzymes, including nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and a dependency on de novo protein synthesis (
  • required for germinal center-derived lymphomagenesis
  • essential factor for the class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM) of Ig genes
  • having a function associated with its C-terminus and required for recombination of the cleaved S region
  • at least 2 different functions: DNA cleavage, which occurs without the C-terminal region, and a recombination-specific function that requires the C-terminal region responsible for the nuclear export by the NES motif and the association with polyA+ RNA
  • plays a central role in the synthesis of high affinity antibodies
  • with APOBEC3G, catalyzes deamination of cytosine to uracil on single-stranded DNA
  • during immunoglobulin class-switch recombination (CSR), induces double-strand breaks into transcribed, repetitive DNA elements called switch sequences
  • APOBEC3B and AICDA have similar nuclear import mechanisms
  • is an important contributor to the antibody-independent role of B cells in autoimmunity
  • enzyme responsible for somatic hypermutation and immunoglobulin heavy chain class switch recombination
  • critical role for AICDA activity in the initiation of reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)
  • role for AICDA in epigenetic reprogramming and control of gene expression
  • deaminates genomic deoxycytosine bases within the immunoglobulin locus, activating downstream repair pathways that result in antibody maturation
  • initiates the antibody diversification processes in activated B cells by deaminating cytosine to uracil in immunoglobulin genes
  • triggers antibody class switch recombination (CSR) in B cells by initiating DNA double strand breaks that are repaired by nonhomologous end-joining pathways
  • initiates mutagenic pathways to diversify the antibody genes during immune responses
  • is essential for antibody class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM)
  • contributes to the development of pancreatic precancerous lesions by inducing tumor-related gene mutations
  • deaminates cytosines in DNA to initiate immunoglobulin gene diversification and to reprogram CpG methylation in early development
  • implicated in DNA demethylation through its deaminase activity coupled with DNA repair
  • is essential for the somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class-switch recombination (CSR) of Ig genes
  • AICDA-structure-specific cofactor complex formations differentially contribute to its DNA-cleavage and recombination functions
  • B-cell-specific enzyme that targets immunoglobulin genes to initiate class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation
  • mediates class switching by binding to a small fraction of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to diversify the antibody repertoire
  • CELLULAR PROCESS protein, editing
    PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS
    PATHWAY
    metabolism purine/pyrimidine
    signaling
    a component
  • dimer formation required for the function of AID
  • INTERACTION
    DNA
    RNA
    small molecule metal binding,
  • Zn2+
  • protein
  • splicing regulator PTBP2 is a protein that interacts with AICDA (PTBP2 is thus an effector of class-switch recombination that promotes the binding of AICDA to switch-region DNA)
  • CTNNBL1 associated with PRPF19-containing RNA-splicing complexes as well as with the antibody-diversifying enzyme AICDA
  • SUPT6H is involved in differential regulation of class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM) by AICDA
  • DNAJA1 farnesylation is required to maintain, and farnesyltransferase inhibition reduces, AICDA protein levels in B cells
  • SUPT6H is a unique histone chaperone capable of regulating the histone epigenetic state of both AICDA targets and the AICDA locus
  • PAX5 have been implicated in regulating the expression of AICDA (PAX5 regulates AICDA transcription through its C-terminal-activation domain)
  • MCM3AP-mediated chromatin modification promotes transcription complex recruitment and positioning at immunoglobulin variable loci to favour AICDA targeting (
  • together with other epigenetic mechanisms, AICDA plays a key role in regulating activity-dependent BDNF expression in post-mitotic cortical neurons
  • EEF1A1 is necessary for AICDA cytoplasmic sequestering
  • interactions of AICDA with EEF1A1 and heat-shock protein 90 kD (HSP90AA1) are inversely correlated
  • PIK3CD pathway regulates AICDA by suppressing its expression in B cells
  • RNA-binding protein, PTBP3, is both required and sufficient to define AICDA-binding sites genome-wide in activated B cells
  • cell & other
    REGULATION
    Other regulated by PRKACA and the control of T cell-dependent immune responses may be modulated, via AICDA, by signals that activate PRKACA
    phosphorylation of a conserved threonine attenuates the intrinsic activity of AICDA (Thr-27)
    cell cycle regulated
    ASSOCIATED DISORDERS
    corresponding disease(s) HIGM2
    Susceptibility
    Variant & Polymorphism
    Candidate gene
    Marker
    Therapy target
    SystemTypeDisorderPubmed
    cancerskin 
    potential target for skin cancer therapeutics
    ANIMAL & CELL MODELS
  • transit of B cells through the GC is associated with marked locus-specific loss of methylation and increased methylation diversity, both of which are lost in Aicda(-/-) mice