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FLASH GENE

Symbol

PTGES

contributors: mct - updated : 08-10-2012

HGNC name	prostaglandin E synthase
HGNC id	9599

FLASH GENE DNA RNA EXPRESSION PROTEIN DISORDER ANIMAL & CELL MODELS

PROTEIN

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

STRUCTURE

motifs/domains	GSH binding sites in different locations
	an insert between TMI and TMII that folds into a small well-structured domain (the C-domain) that forms part of the active site cavity

mono polymer

homomer , trimer

HOMOLOGY

Homologene

FAMILY

superfamily of Membrane-Associated Proteins involved in Eicosanoid and Glutathione metabolism, the MAPEG family

CATEGORY

regulatory

SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION	plasma membrane
	intracellular
	intracellular,cytoplasm,cytosolic,microsome
	intracellular,nuclear envelope

basic FUNCTION	may contribute to the pathogenesis of collagen-induced arthritis and mediate acute pain during inflammatory responses
	PTGES -derived PGE(2) buffers ANGPT2-induced vasoconstriction via inhibition of NADPH oxidase-dependent reactive oxygen species production
	stimulus-inducible enzyme that functions downstream of PTGS2 in the PGE2 (prostaglandin E2)-biosynthesis pathway
	critical roles of the PTGES-dependent PGE2 biosynthetic pathway in both cancer cells and host microenvironments in tumour growth and metastasis
	induced during an inflammatory reaction from low basal levels by pro-inflammatory cytokines and subsequently involved in the production of the important mediator of inflammation, prostaglandin E(2)
	promotes experimental cholangiocarcinogenesis and tumor progression by inhibiting PTEN
	key role in hepatocellular carcinoma growth and progression
	integral membrane protein coexpressed with and functionally coupled to PTGS2, generating the pro-inflammatory molecule PGE(2)
	crucial inducible synthase with roles in pain, cancer and inflammation
	is necessary for pre-adipocyte differentiation into beige/brite adipocytes through functional interaction with PPARG
	functional interaction between PPARG and PTGES in the process of adipogenesis, especially in the formation of beige/brite adipocytes from WAT pre-adipocytes

CELLULAR PROCESS

PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS

PATHWAY

metabolism

signaling

a component

INTERACTION

DNA

RNA

small molecule

protein	colocalizing with both PTGS1 and PTGS2 to mediate the biosynthesis of prostaglandin E2 in the kidney
	HIF1A target gene, involved in prostaglandin E biosynthesis in the esophageal tumor hypoxic microenvironment
	coexpressed with and functionally coupled to PTGS2 generating the pro-inflammatory molecule PGE(2)
	cooperation between the EGF/EGFR and PTGES leads to a significant tumorigenic gain in epithelial cells
	functional role for CEBPB in PTGES gene regulation and interaction between EGR1 and CEBPB highlights the proximal promoter co-operation with a novel distal enhancer element in regulating inducible PTGES expression
	coordinate interaction between PTGES and PPARG is required for white-to-brown fat conversion

cell & other

REGULATION

induced by	by pro-inflammatory cytokines
		RHOA via transcriptional activation in control and interleukin (IL1B)-activated cancer cells

ASSOCIATED DISORDERS

corresponding disease(s)

Other morbid association(s)

Type Gene Modification Chromosome rearrangement Protein expression Protein Function constitutional     --over   more abundantly in ruptured cerebral aneurysms than in nonruptured constitutional     --over   in Alzheimer disease

Susceptibility

Variant & Polymorphism

Candidate gene
Marker
Therapy target
	System Type Disorder Pubmed cancer     inhibition of PTGES is an alternative therapeutic target for colorectal and possibly other cancers.

ANIMAL & CELL MODELS

	deletion of Ptges in mice attenuates neointimal hyperplasia after vascular injury, in part by regulating tenascin-C expression
	mice deficient in mPges-1 have shown significantly reduced effect on hypertension, thrombosis, and myocardial damage