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FLASH GENE
Symbol GDF11 contributors: shn - updated : 07-09-2016
HGNC name growth differentiation factor 11
HGNC id 4216
PROTEIN
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
STRUCTURE
motifs/domains
mono polymer homomer , dimer
HOMOLOGY
interspecies ortholog to Gdf11, Mus musculus
ortholog to Gdf11, Rattus norvegicus
ortholog to GDF11, Pan troglodytes
ortholog to gdf11, Danio rerio
Homologene
FAMILY
  • transforming growth factor beta(TGFbeta) superfamily member
    • CATEGORY regulatory , transcription factor
    SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION extracellular
    text secreted
    basic FUNCTION
  • acts globally to specify positional identity along the anterior/posterior axis
  • plays a unique role in patterning both mesodermal and neural tissues
  • controlling the numbers of retinal ganglion cells, as well as amacrine and photoreceptor cells, that form during development
  • play important roles in the development of the olfactory system, retina, and pancreas as well as in anterior–posterior patterning of the axial skeleton
  • facilitate temporal progression of neurogenesis in the developing spinal cord
  • expression of PCSK5 and GDF11, which plays a crucial role in the organogenesis of the hindgut, was disturbed in the hindgut region when retinoid-mediated signaling was disrupted
  • GDF11, ACTB and FST are crucial components of a circuit that controls both total cell number and the ratio of neuronal versus glial cells in in this system
    • CELLULAR PROCESS cell life, differentiation
    PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS development
    PATHWAY
    metabolism
    signaling
    a component
    INTERACTION
    DNA
    RNA
    small molecule
    protein
  • ALK4, ALK5 and ALK7 (
  • WFIKKN1 and WFIKKN2 proteins are antagonists of MSTN and GDF11, but in the case of TGFB1, BMP2 and BMP4 they function as growth factor binding proteins
  • WFIKKN1 and WFIKKN2 are important modulators of GDF11 and MSTN activity
    • cell & other
    REGULATION
    ASSOCIATED DISORDERS
    corresponding disease(s)
    Susceptibility to orofacial cleft
    Variant & Polymorphism other
  • variants in SHH, RORA, MRPL53, ACVR1, and GDF11 may contribute to risk of orofacial clefts
    • Candidate gene
    Marker
    Therapy target
    ANIMAL & CELL MODELS
  • homozygous mutant mice carrying a targeted deletion of Gdf11 exhibit anteriorly directed homeotic transformations throughout the axial skeleton and posterior displacement of the hindlimbs
  • Gdf11-/- mice have dramatic anteriorly directed homeotic transformations of the axial skeleton (i.e., posterior regions take a more anterior fate)
  • neuronal differentiation in the spinal cord progresses at a slower rate in Gdf11(-/-) mouse embryos (