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FLASH GENE
Symbol APOM contributors: mct - updated : 24-01-2020
HGNC name apolipoprotein M
HGNC id 13916
PROTEIN
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Hydrophobic
STRUCTURE
motifs/domains
  • a N terminal glycosylation site
  • two possible disulfide bridges
  • a hydrophobic alpha-helical signal peptide, that is necessary for its ability to associate with lipid
    • secondary structure an alpha helix, an eight-stranded anti-parallel beta barrel
    conjugated GlycoP , LipoP
    HOMOLOGY
    interspecies homolog to murine Apom
    homolog to Drosophila l(1)10Bb
    homolog to C.elegans C07A9.2
    Homologene
    FAMILY lipocalin protein family
    CATEGORY chaperone/stress , transport carrier
    SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION extracellular
        plasma membrane
    text secreted through the plasma membrane but remains membrane-bound
    basic FUNCTION
  • involved in the metabolism of lipids and lipoprotein particles
  • APOM, by delivering S1P to the S1P(1) receptor on endothelial cells, is a vasculoprotective constituent of HDL
  • APOM can bind oxidized phospholipids and increases the antioxidant effect of HDL
  • plasma APOM levels modulate the ability of plasma to mobilize cellular cholesterol, whereas APOM has no major effect on the excretion of cholesterol into feces
  • both APOM and APOA1 mRNA may considered as independent risk factors for macrosomia
  • APOM and S1P are key elements of the anti-apoptotic activity of HDL and promote optimal endothelial function
  • mediates sphingosine-1-phosphate efflux from erythrocytes
  • APOM plays a key role in normal autophagy activity in the liver and thereby further regulates the metabolism of liver lipids, particularly triglycerides
  • is the carrier of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in plasma high-density lipoproteins
  • is a chaperone for the bioactive sphingolipid, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), which has a specific role in inflammation
  • is a carrier of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), a multifunctional lipid mediator, on HDL, and the pleiotropic effects of HDL are believed to be mediated by S1P
  • APOM/S1P exerts likely protective roles against the development of insulin resistance
    • CELLULAR PROCESS
    PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS
    text lipid transport
    PATHWAY
    metabolism energetic , lipid/lipoprotein
    signaling
    membrane lipid metabolism, energy storage
    a component
  • minor component of high density lipoproteins (HDL),low density lipoproteins (LDL) as well as triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRLP)
    • INTERACTION
    DNA
    RNA
    small molecule
    protein
  • associated with HDL
  • HDL facilitates S1P efflux from erythrocytes by both APOM-dependent and APOM-independent mechanisms
  • APOM suppressed TNF-induced expression of ICAM1 and VCAM1 through inhibiting the activity of NFKB1
  • APOM induces inhibition of inflammatory responses via the S1PR1 and DHCR24 pathways
  • is a minor HDL apolipoprotein and carrier for sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)
    • cell & other
    REGULATION
    induced by platelet-activating factor (PAF)
    ASSOCIATED DISORDERS
    corresponding disease(s)
    Other morbid association(s)
    TypeGene ModificationChromosome rearrangementProtein expressionProtein Function
    constitutional     --low  
    in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
    constitutional     --low  
    plasma APOM levels were reduced in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3-5D as compared to patients with CKD stages 1 + 2 and controls
    tumoral     --over  
    mRNA levels in the colorectal cancer tissues were significantly increased in the patients with lymph node metastasis
    tumoral     --low  
    in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues
    Susceptibility
  • to venous thromboembolism (VTE)
    • Variant & Polymorphism
  • APOM rs805297 was significantly associated with higher risk of VTE recurrence in male but not in female patients
    • Candidate gene
    Marker
  • potential for APOM/S1P as biomarkers for inflammation, sepsis and nephropathy
    • Therapy target
    ANIMAL & CELL MODELS
  • lack of Apom in mice increases the amount of brown adipose tissue (BAT), accelerates the clearance of postprandial triglycerides, and protects against diet-induced obesity