| melanopsin knockout mice entrained to a light/dark cycle, phase-shifted after a light pulse, and increased circadian period when light intensity increased | |
melanopsin-null mice (Opn4-/-) display severely attenuated phase resetting in response to brief pulses of monochromatic light |
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retinal ganglion cells of melanopsin-knockout mice were no longer intrinsically photosensitive, but their number, morphology, and projections were normal |
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mice lacking melanopsin coupled with disabled rod and cone phototransduction mechanisms have an intact retina but fail to show any significant pupil reflex, to entrain to light/dark cycles, and to show any masking response to light |
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mice with both outer-retinal degeneration and a deficiency in melanopsin exhibited complete loss of photoentrainment of the circadian oscillator, pupillary light responses, photic suppression of arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase transcript, and acute suppression of locomotor activity by light |