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FLASH GENE
Symbol PKD1 contributors: mct/shn/pgu - updated : 19-01-2021
HGNC name polycystic kidney disease 1 (autosomal dominant)
HGNC id 9008
PROTEIN
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
STRUCTURE
motifs/domains
  • N-terminal region with an extracellular portion of >3000 amino acids, which is predicted to be a site of protein-protein or receptor-ligand interactions , 11 transmembrane spanning this extracellular region containing a number of adhesive domains
  • a large extracellular segment, with (from NH2) two leucine rich repeats
  • a homer-binding motif (PPxxF), which lies within its purported cytoplasmic domain
  • a C-type lectin domain
  • a LDL-A domain, 16 copies of a repeat
  • the PKD domain with low homology to the Ig superfamily
  • four type III fibronectin
  • one REJ (receptor for egg jelly) domain
  • one GPS domain (cleavage essential for the normal function)
  • 11 transmembrane domains (TM11)
  • extracellular information across the plasma membrane
  • a probable coiled-coil domain interacting with PKD2 and TSC2
  • a cytoplasmic C-terminal tail (CTT), transmiting extracellular information across the plasma membrane, associating with beta-catenin and acting as an inhibitor of Wnt-dependent intracellular signaling (cleavage and release of CTT may be necessary components of a biological switch that acts to modulate Wnt-dependent signal transduction in renal epithelia), and can undergo proteolytic cleavage and nuclear translocation
  • a conserved amino acid sequence, KVHPSST, in the C-terminus that serves as a ciliary-targeting signal , and
  • interacts with numerous signaling molecules, including GNA12
    conjugated GlycoP
    HOMOLOGY
    interspecies ortholog to Pkd1, Mus musculus
    ortholog to Pkd1, Rattus norvegicus
    ortholog to PKD1, Pan troglodytes
    Homologene
    FAMILY
  • polycystin family
  • CATEGORY signaling , receptor membrane G , transport
    SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION     plasma membrane,junction,desmosome
        intracellular
    intracellular,cytoplasm,organelle,Golgi
    intracellular,cytoplasm,cytoskeleton,microtubule,centrosome
    intracellular,cytoplasm,cytoskeleton,microfilament
    text
  • localizes in cilia and has been observed in the centrosome of endothelial cells
  • predicted to traverse the membrane 11 times and includes a massive extracellular amino terminal domain and a short intracellular carboxy terminal tail
  • with PKD2, colocalize to cilia, where they may enable a mechano/chemosensory response triggering a rise in intracellular Ca2+
  • basic FUNCTION
  • may be functioning through a signaling pathway necessary for normal tubulogenesis and involved in adhesive protein-protein and protein-carbohydrate interactions
  • involved in regulating ion transport required for the structural integrity of blood vessels
  • maintaining cell adhesion, protein sorting and cell polarity (features disrupted in cystic epithelium)
  • involved in chondrocyte development and in renal epithelium development
  • mediating mechanosensation in the primary cilium of kidney cells
  • acting as a regulator of G1 checkpoint, which controls entry into the S phase and prevents the replication of damaged DNA
  • playing a role in preventing immortalized proliferation of renal tubular epithelial cells through the induction of TP53 and activation of MAPK8
  • modulating renal tubular fluid and electrolyte transport
  • having a central role in regulating morphogenic protein signaling at cell-matrix interfaces in non-confluent cells
  • role in modulating cell proliferation through calcium oscillations in kidney cells
  • regulates induction of cell death by wild-type PTRH2 following loss of cell attachment to the extracellular matrix
  • one of the signaling molecules through which integrin-mediated cell attachment controls PTRH2 activity and anoikis
  • acting as an upstream activating kinase that regulates the function of PTRH2 in anoikis by phosphorylating the Ser5 and Ser87 residues
  • may play a role in regulating the stability of a pool of the beta-catenin protein
  • tumor suppressive function that may be at least partially dependent upon the ability of the free CTT to inhibit beta-catenin-dependent Wnt signaling
  • critical in both epithelium and chondrocyte development (
  • regulates tubular morphology in both developing and adult kidney (
  • can inhibit the mTOR pathway and regulate cell size
  • phosphorylates SSH1 in response to RhoA activation and blocks it in the cytoplasm, consequently blocking the formation of free actin-filament barbed ends
  • inhibits Ca2+ release, perhaps opposing the effect of PKD2, which facilitates Ca2+ release through the IP3R
  • plays a novel role in the regulation of ITPR1 to modulate intracellular Ca2+ signaling
  • may mediate the function of PRKX in kidney development
  • involved in cell/cell/matrix interaction and the regulation of several signalling pathways linked to cell proliferation
  • can both activate and coactivate multiple STATs, and STAT activation requires the membrane-anchored PC1 tail, whereas STAT coactivation requires the cleaved, soluble PKD1 tail
  • plays an essential role in stereocilia structure and maintenance but not directly in mechanoelectrical transduction channel function or planar cell polarity (
  • acts as a negative regulator of STAT3
  • MTOR-mediated inhibition of PKD1 expression drives renal cyst formation in tuberous sclerosis complex
  • PKD1, PKD2 form an ion channel complex that may mediate ciliary sensory processes and regulate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ release
  • role for PKD1, PKD2 in sensing and responding to cellular O2 levels
  • PKD1 is required to couple mechanical deflection of cilia to MTOR in tubular cells
  • CELLULAR PROCESS cell communication
    PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS cardiovascular
    text ion
    PATHWAY
    metabolism
    signaling
    a component
  • heterodimerizing with PKD2, 3 PKD2 and 1 PKD1 (disruption of the complex PKD1/PKD2 is involved in the pathogenesis of cyst formation through a mechanosensor action in renal primary cilia for fluid flow)
  • INTERACTION
    DNA
    RNA
    small molecule
    protein
  • PKD2
  • RGS7
  • talin, vinculin, p130Cas, FAK, alpha-actinin, paxillin, pp60c-src, E-cadherin, beta- and gamma-catenin
  • collagens type I, II and IV
  • Cytokeratins K8 and K18, Vimentin, and desmin (
  • extracellular matrix, ECM (
  • Protein kinase-X (
  • ITPR1 (
  • interaction between the PKD1 polyproline motif and the NPHP1 SH3 domain
  • STAT3 (
  • binds a multimeric protein complex consisting of several GTPases (ARF4, RAB6, RAB11) and the GTPase-activating protein (GAP), ArfGAP with SH3 domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 1 (ASAP1) in the Golgi, which facilitates vesicle budding and Golgi exocytosis
  • its cytoplasmic tail associates with the transcription factors TPX2 and STAT6
  • PKD1, PKD2 are both required to amplify inositol-trisphosphate-induced Ca2+ release
  • reciprocal functional link between PKD1 and PKD2 which is critically dependent on their interaction
  • PKD1 function on JAK2 and ERK signaling pathways might be regulated by calpains in response to the changes in intracellular calcium concentration
  • PKD1 interacts with BBS1, BBS4, BBS5 and BBS8, four of the seven components of the BBSome
  • BBS3 and BBS1 regulate the ciliary trafficking of PKD1
  • interaction of polycystin-1 (PKD1) and GNA12 is important for development of kidney cysts in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)
  • CDH1/CTNNB1 signaling pathway is regulated by PKD1 and GNA12 via ADAM10
  • GNAT1, NPHP3, and PKD1 bind with high affinity to UNC119, whereas a peptide derived from a non-ciliary localizing protein (SRC) has low affinity
  • PKD1 enhances the stability of CDH2 on cell membrane and promotes synapse morphogenesis and synaptic plasticity in an activity-dependent manner
  • WWTR1 constitutes a key mechanistic link through which PKD1 mediates its physiological functions
  • dual role for MYC, as a major contributor in PKD1-induced cystogenesis and in a feed-forward regulatory PKD1-MYC loop mechanism that may also prevail in human ADPKD
  • cell & other
    REGULATION
    Other cleavage is modulated by PKD2 expression
    regilated by PKD2 (its expression is required for the movement of PKD1 to the plasma and ciliary membranes)
    ASSOCIATED DISORDERS
    corresponding disease(s) PKTS , PKD
    related resource Polycystickidneyresearchfoundation
    Other morbid association(s)
    TypeGene ModificationChromosome rearrangementProtein expressionProtein Function
    constitutional somatic mutation      
    in PKD2 cysts (modification of disease severity)
    constitutional     --low  
    in renal cysts
    constitutional     --low  
    in aortic dissection
    Susceptibility
    Variant & Polymorphism
    Candidate gene
    Marker
    Therapy target
  • PRKX can restore normal function to PKD1-deficient kidneys (
  • pyrimethamine or similar drugs may be an attractive therapy for human ADPKD
  • SystemTypeDisorderPubmed
    cancerurinary 
    Treatment with pyrimethamine decreases cell proliferation in human ADPKD cells and blocks renal cyst formation in an adult and a neonatal PKD mouse model
    cancerurinary 
    a specific STAT3 inhibitor, S3I-201, reduces cyst formation and growth in a neonatal PKD mouse model
    ANIMAL & CELL MODELS
  • disruption of the PKD1 gene in mice leads to cystic kidneys and embryonic or perinatal death (
  • Pkd1(del34) -/- and Pkd1(L) -/- mice have cysts but no cardiac abnormalities, although vascular fragility was reported in the latter (
  • Pkd1(del17-21betageo) +/- adult mice develop renal and hepatic cysts, Pkd1(del17-21betageo) -/- embryos die at embryonic days 13.5-14.5 from a primary cardiovascular defect that includes double outflow right ventricle, disorganized myocardium, and abnormal atrio-ventricular septation, and skeletal development is also severely compromised (
  • mice that overexpress polycystin-1 develop renal cysts (
  • targeted mouse mutant with a homozygous null mutation in Pkd1 develop aggressive and severe renal and pancreatic cystic disease but also polyhydramnios, hydrops fetalis, spina bifida occulta and osteochondrodysplasia (
  • targeted mouse mutant with a heterozygoous null mutation in Pkd1 develop adult-onset pancreatic disease (
  • mouse with a homozygous targeted deletion of exons 2-6 of Pkd1 develop hydrops, cardiac conotruncal defects and renal cystogenesis (
  • Pkd1(+/-), Pkd2 (+/-) and Pkd1(+/-) : Pkd2 (+/-) mice, the renal cystic lesion was mild and variable with no adverse effect on survival at 1 year (
  • mouse model with a hypomorphic Pkd1 allele, Pkd1(nl), are viable, showing bilaterally enlarged polycystic, kidneys dilatations of pancreatic and liver bile ducts, and cardiovascular abnormalities (
  • inactivation of Pkd1 in mice before postnatal day 13 results in severely cystic kidneys within 3 weeks, whereas inactivation at day 14 and later results in cysts only after 5 months (
  • transgenic mice from a Pkd1-BAC modified by introducing a silent tag develop tubular and glomerular cysts leading to renal insufficiency, renal fibrosis and calcium deposits in papilla reminiscent of nephrolithiasis hepatic fibrosis and approximately 15% intrahepatic cysts of the bile ducts affecting females preferentially and a significant proportion of mice developed cardiac anomalies with severe left-ventricular hypertrophy, marked aortic arch distention and/or valvular stenosis and calcification (
  • mouse models of PC-1, a knock-in (KI) mutant line and a hair cell-specific inducible Cre-mediated knock-out line exhibit normal mechanoelectrical transduction channel function at neonatal ages despite hearing loss and ultrastructural abnormalities of sterecilia that remain properly polarized at adult ages (
  • treatment with pioglitazone improved survival of Pkd1(-/-) embryos and ameliorated the cardiac defects and the degree of renal cystogenesis (