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FLASH GENE
Symbol PENK contributors: mct - updated : 08-09-2015
HGNC name proenkephalin
HGNC id 8831
EXPRESSION
Type widely
   expressed in (based on citations)
organ(s)
SystemOrgan level 1Organ level 2Organ level 3Organ level 4LevelPubmedSpeciesStageRna symbol
Cardiovascularheart     Homo sapiens
Digestiveintestine     Homo sapiens
Endocrineneuroendocrinepituitary  highly
Hearing/Equilibriumear   highly
Nervousbrain     Homo sapiens
tissue
SystemTissueTissue level 1Tissue level 2LevelPubmedSpeciesStageRna symbol
Connectivebone  highly
Muscularstriatumskeletal   Homo sapiens
cell lineage
cell lines
fluid/secretion
at STAGE
PROTEIN
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
STRUCTURE
motifs/domains
  • N terminus with six conserved cysteines throught to be involved in disulfide bonding
  • four copies of met-enkephalin, two of met-enkephalin extended sequences and one copy of leu-eukephalin
  • isoforms Precursor
    HOMOLOGY
    interspecies homolog to murine Penk1
    Homologene
    FAMILY opioids neuropeptides precursors family
    CATEGORY signaling neurotransmitter
    SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION extracellular
    basic FUNCTION
  • play a role in a number of physiologic functions, including pain perception and responses to stress
  • involved in neurite outgrowth, early neuronal cell development, neuropeptide signaling/synthesis and neuronal receptor (Tondreau 2008)
  • endogenous opioid polypeptide hormone that acts on specific opiate receptors found on nerve and mucosal cells, and on various cells in the immune system
  • CELLULAR PROCESS
    PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS
    PATHWAY
    metabolism
    signaling
    a component
    INTERACTION
    DNA
    RNA
    small molecule
    protein
  • unique function of CTSV for producing PENK and NPY neuropeptides required for neurotransmission in health and neurological diseases
  • role for cathepsin H as an aminopeptidase for PENK and galanin peptide neurotransmitter production
  • cell & other
    REGULATION
    ASSOCIATED DISORDERS
    corresponding disease(s)
    Other morbid association(s)
    TypeGene ModificationChromosome rearrangementProtein expressionProtein Function
    tumoral     --low  
    by hypermethylation in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
    constitutional     --over  
    in keratinocytes in psoriatic skin
    Susceptibility
  • not contributing to the susceptibility of bipolar affective disorder
  • to opioid dependence
  • Variant & Polymorphism other polymorphisms increasing the risk of opioid dependence
    Candidate gene useful indicator of the potential malignancy of epithelial cells of the pancreas
    Marker
  • marker predicting acute kidney injury in cardiac surgery patients
  • enhanced plasma PENK could be a useful, complementary tool to predict short- or long-term clinical outcome after severe traumatic brain injury
  • PENK level may be a useful, complementary tool to predict mortality and functional outcome at 6 months after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
  • Therapy target
    SystemTypeDisorderPubmed
    dermatologyskin 
    anti-PENK drugs in addition to current antipsoriatic therapies might be of value in treating this common chronic skin disease
    ANIMAL & CELL MODELS