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FLASH GENE
Symbol GDF11 contributors: shn - updated : 07-09-2016
HGNC name growth differentiation factor 11
HGNC id 4216
EXPRESSION
Type
   expressed in (based on citations)
organ(s)
SystemOrgan level 1Organ level 2Organ level 3Organ level 4LevelPubmedSpeciesStageRna symbol
Digestiveintestinelarge intestinecolon  
Nervousnervecranial nerveoptic nerve  
Visualeyeanterior segment   
 eyelens   
 eyeuveachoroid  
tissue
SystemTissueTissue level 1Tissue level 2LevelPubmedSpeciesStageRna symbol
Connectivebone   
Epithelialbarrier liningretinal pigment epithelium (RPE)  
cell lineage
cell lines Ewing's sarcoma
fluid/secretion
at STAGE
physiological period fetal
Text fetal eye
primitive streak and tail bud regions during embryogenesis (
PROTEIN
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
STRUCTURE
motifs/domains
mono polymer homomer , dimer
HOMOLOGY
interspecies ortholog to Gdf11, Mus musculus
ortholog to Gdf11, Rattus norvegicus
ortholog to GDF11, Pan troglodytes
ortholog to gdf11, Danio rerio
Homologene
FAMILY
  • transforming growth factor beta(TGFbeta) superfamily member
  • CATEGORY regulatory , transcription factor
    SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION extracellular
    text secreted
    basic FUNCTION
  • acts globally to specify positional identity along the anterior/posterior axis
  • plays a unique role in patterning both mesodermal and neural tissues
  • controlling the numbers of retinal ganglion cells, as well as amacrine and photoreceptor cells, that form during development
  • play important roles in the development of the olfactory system, retina, and pancreas as well as in anterior–posterior patterning of the axial skeleton
  • facilitate temporal progression of neurogenesis in the developing spinal cord
  • expression of PCSK5 and GDF11, which plays a crucial role in the organogenesis of the hindgut, was disturbed in the hindgut region when retinoid-mediated signaling was disrupted
  • GDF11, ACTB and FST are crucial components of a circuit that controls both total cell number and the ratio of neuronal versus glial cells in in this system
  • CELLULAR PROCESS cell life, differentiation
    PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS development
    PATHWAY
    metabolism
    signaling
    a component
    INTERACTION
    DNA
    RNA
    small molecule
    protein
  • ALK4, ALK5 and ALK7 (
  • WFIKKN1 and WFIKKN2 proteins are antagonists of MSTN and GDF11, but in the case of TGFB1, BMP2 and BMP4 they function as growth factor binding proteins
  • WFIKKN1 and WFIKKN2 are important modulators of GDF11 and MSTN activity
  • cell & other
    REGULATION
    ASSOCIATED DISORDERS
    corresponding disease(s)
    Susceptibility to orofacial cleft
    Variant & Polymorphism other
  • variants in SHH, RORA, MRPL53, ACVR1, and GDF11 may contribute to risk of orofacial clefts
  • Candidate gene
    Marker
    Therapy target
    ANIMAL & CELL MODELS
  • homozygous mutant mice carrying a targeted deletion of Gdf11 exhibit anteriorly directed homeotic transformations throughout the axial skeleton and posterior displacement of the hindlimbs
  • Gdf11-/- mice have dramatic anteriorly directed homeotic transformations of the axial skeleton (i.e., posterior regions take a more anterior fate)
  • neuronal differentiation in the spinal cord progresses at a slower rate in Gdf11(-/-) mouse embryos (