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FLASH GENE
Symbol PENK contributors: mct - updated : 13-11-2007
HGNC name proenkephalin
HGNC id 8831
DNA
TYPE functioning gene
SPECIAL FEATURE antisens
STRUCTURE 5.00 kb     2 Exon(s)
10 Kb 5' upstream gene genomic sequence study
MAPPING cloned Y linked Y status confirmed
Physical map
LOC157708 8q11.23 similar to SPC18 protein RP1 8q11.21-q11.23 retinitis pigmentosa 1 (autosomal dominant) LOC392223 8 similar to ribosomal protein L7-like 1 LOC389660 8 similar to polycystin 1-like 3 LOC392224 8 similar to hypothetical protein 4932417K07 KIAA1889 8q11.23 KIAA1889 protein FLJ32370 8q11.23 hypothetical protein FLJ32370 NCOA6IP 8p11 nuclear receptor coactivator 6 interacting protein LYN 8q13 v-yes-1 Yamaguchi sarcoma viral related oncogene homolog PSMC6P 8q11.23 proteasome (prosome, macropain) 26S subunit, ATPase, 6 pseudogene RPS20 8 ribosomal protein S20 MOS 8q11 v-mos Moloney murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog PLAG1 8q12 pleiomorphic adenoma gene 1 MGC2217 RDH-E2 8q12.1 retinal short chain dehydrogenase reductase PENK 8q11.23-q12 proenkephalin LOC389662 8 similar to septin 10 isoform 1 LOC346950 8q11.23 similar to ribosomal protein L37 FLJ20421 8q11.23 hypothetical protein FLJ20421 DKFZP434F122 8q12.1 DKFZP434F122 protein LOC389663 8 similar to hypothetical protein MGC39325 8q12.1 hypothetical protein MGC39325
RNA
TRANSCRIPTS type messenger
identificationnb exonstypebpproduct
ProteinkDaAAspecific expressionYearPubmed
2 - 1239 30.7 267 - Jiao (2007)
EXPRESSION
Type widely
constitutive of
   expressed in (based on citations)
organ(s)
SystemOrgan level 1Organ level 2Organ level 3Organ level 4LevelPubmedSpeciesStageRna symbol
Endocrineneuroendocrinepituitary  highly
Hearing/Equilibriumear   highly
tissue
SystemTissueTissue level 1Tissue level 2LevelPubmedSpeciesStageRna symbol
Connectivebone  highly
cell lineage
cell lines
fluid/secretion
at STAGE
PROTEIN
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
STRUCTURE
motifs/domains
  • N terminus with six conserved cysteines throught to be involved in disulfide bonding
  • four copies of met-enkephalin, two of met-enkephalin extended sequences and one copy of leu-eukephalin
    • isoforms Precursor
    HOMOLOGY
    interspecies homolog to murine Penk1
    Homologene
    FAMILY opioids neuropeptides precursors family
    CATEGORY signaling neurotransmitter
    SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION extracellular
    basic FUNCTION
  • play a role in a number of physiologic functions, including pain perception and responses to stress
  • involved in neurite outgrowth, early neuronal cell development, neuropeptide signaling/synthesis and neuronal receptor (Tondreau 2008)
    • CELLULAR PROCESS
    PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS
    PATHWAY
    metabolism
    signaling
    a component
    INTERACTION
    DNA
    RNA
    small molecule
    protein
    cell & other
    REGULATION
    ASSOCIATED DISORDERS
    corresponding disease(s)
    Other morbid association(s)
    TypeGene ModificationChromosome rearrangementProtein expressionProtein Function
    tumoral     --low  
    by hypermethylation in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
    Susceptibility
  • not contributing to the susceptibility of bipolar affective disorder
  • to opioid dependence
    • Variant & Polymorphism other polymorphisms increasing the risk of opioid dependence
    Candidate gene useful indicator of the potential malignancy of epithelial cells of the pancreas
    Marker
    Therapy target
    ANIMAL & CELL MODELS