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FLASH GENE
Symbol ARR3 contributors: mct/npt/pgu - updated : 27-08-2019
HGNC name arrestin 3, retinal (X-arrestin)
HGNC id 710
Corresponding disease
MYP26 myopia 26
Location Xq13.1      Physical location : 69.488.184 - 69.501.690
Synonym name
  • P-rhodopsin inhibitory binding protein, retina and pineal gland
  • antigen recognized by monoclonal antibody FG6, cone arrestin X-linked
  • cone arrestin, X linked
  • arrestin 4
  • Synonym symbol(s) ARR, SAGX, ARRX, CAR, cARR, X-arrestin, C-arrestin, MYP26
    DNA
    TYPE functioning gene
    STRUCTURE 13.51 kb     17 Exon(s)
    10 Kb 5' upstream gene genomic sequence study
    MAPPING cloned Y linked N status confirmed
    Map cen - DXS8089 - DXS178 - PRKX - ZNF135L1 - DXS101 - DXS1106 - DXS8096 - DXS7007E - PLP1 - DXS7637 - DXS1191 - DXS8075 - DXS94 - DXS8112 - DXS87 - SERPINA7 - DXS1230 - ARR3 - MYCL2 - DXS1120 - DXS1105 - qter
    RNA
    TRANSCRIPTS type messenger
    identificationnb exonstypebpproduct
    ProteinkDaAAspecific expressionYearPubmed
    17 - 1331 - 388 - 2008 18802075
    EXPRESSION
    Type
       expressed in (based on citations)
    organ(s)
    SystemOrgan level 1Organ level 2Organ level 3Organ level 4LevelPubmedSpeciesStageRna symbol
    Visualeyeretina   
    tissue
    SystemTissueTissue level 1Tissue level 2LevelPubmedSpeciesStageRna symbol
    Epithelialbarrier lining   
    cells
    SystemCellPubmedSpeciesStageRna symbol
    Visualcone photoreceptor
    cell lineage
    cell lines
    fluid/secretion
    at STAGE
    PROTEIN
    PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    STRUCTURE
    motifs/domains
  • multiple AAs on the non-receptor-binding side of ARR3 that are crucial for MAPK10 activation
  • first 25 AAs of arrestin-3 contain the key MAPK10 binding site
  • C-terminal domain implicated in MAPK10 activation
  • HOMOLOGY
    interspecies homolog to C.elegans f53h8.2
    Homologene
    FAMILY
  • arrestin family
  • CATEGORY regulatory , signaling
    SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION     intracellular
    intracellular,cytoplasm,cytoskeleton,microtubule,centrosome
    text
  • accumulating in the outer segment of cone of the lighy adapted retina, more concentrated in the inner segment of dark adapted retina
  • ARRB2 and ARR3, localize to the centrosome, a key organelle involved in microtubule nucleation and bipolar mitotic spindle assembly
  • basic FUNCTION
  • modulator of cone phototransduction
  • playing a role in the internalization of a chemokine receptor following binding of one but not both endogenous ligands
  • non-visual arrestins (ARR3, ARRB2) are novel centrosomal components and regulate normal centrosome function
  • act as versatile organizers of multiprotein signaling complexes, with and without collaboration with GPCRs
  • cone arrestin with retina-specific and retina-enriched expression
  • having ability to support both receptor-dependent and receptor-independent signaling
  • CELLULAR PROCESS
    PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS
    PATHWAY
    metabolism
    signaling
    a component
  • complex G protein-coupled receptor/arrestin3 involved in the modulation of the endocytic machinery
  • INTERACTION
    DNA
    RNA
    small molecule
    protein
  • binding of arrestin-3 to the lutropin receptor (LHCGR) is dependent mostly on receptor activation rather than on phosphorylation
  • mediates endocytosis of CCR7 following ligation of CCL19 but not CCL21
  • association with the follitropin receptor (FSHR) depends on receptor activation and phosphorylation
  • OPRL1 function may be regulated by ADRBK2 phosphorylation of Ser-363 and ARR3
  • ARR3 is required for OPRL1 activation of JNK signaling
  • binds MAPK10, MAP2K4, and MAP3K5, and promote MAPK10 activation
  • directly binds MAP2K7
  • MAP2K4 and MAP2K7 compete for ARR3 binding
  • ARR3 promotes MAPK10 phosphorylation by MAP2K7
  • ARR3 regulates the activity of multiple JNK isoforms, suggesting that it might play a role in survival and apoptosis of all cell types 4)
  • MAPK10 interacts with the non-receptor-binding side of ARR3
  • MEF2D is required for the expression of various genes in photoreceptor and bipolar cells, including ARR3, GUCA1B, PDE6H and CACNA1S, which encode outer segment and synapse proteins
  • interact with hundreds of different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), but by introducing mutations into elements that directly bind receptors, the specificity of ARR3 can be altered
  • cell & other
    REGULATION
    activated by TH
    ASSOCIATED DISORDERS
    corresponding disease(s) MYP26
    Susceptibility
    Variant & Polymorphism
    Candidate gene
    Marker
    Therapy target
    ANIMAL & CELL MODELS
  • Mef2c knock-down in murine 661W cells reduced the expression of Arr3 and Opn1mw but increased transcript levels of Mapk15 and Pde6h