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FLASH GENE
Symbol PACRG contributors: mct - updated : 11-05-2022
HGNC name parkin coregulated
HGNC id 19152
Corresponding disease
PARK2 Parkinson disease 2, juvenile
Location 6q26      Physical location : 163.148.163 - 163.736.523
Synonym name
  • molecular chaperone/chaperonin-binding protein
  • Parkin coregulated gene protein
  • Synonym symbol(s) PARK2CRG, FLJ32724, GLUP, HAK005771, RP3-495O10.2
    DNA
    TYPE functioning gene
    SPECIAL FEATURE head to head, opposite orientation
    text upstream and in opposite orientation with PARK2
    STRUCTURE 588.37 kb     8 Exon(s)
    10 Kb 5' upstream gene genomic sequence study
    regulatory sequence Promoter
    text structure
  • a bidirectional promoter for PACRG and PARK2
  • an AP-4 like site, a GC-rich region and a MYC-like site
  • PACRG shares a bidirectional promoter with Parkin (PRKN), which encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase
  • MAPPING cloned Y linked N status confirmed
    RNA
    TRANSCRIPTS type messenger
    identificationnb exonstypebpproduct
    ProteinkDaAAspecific expressionYearPubmed
    7 splicing 1628 33.2 296 - 2021 33529594
    6 splicing 1511 29.2 257 - 2021 33529594
  • lacking an alternate in-frame exon compared to variant 1,
  • encoding the same isoform than variant 3
  • 5 splicing 1549 29.2 257 - 2021 33529594
  • lacking an exon at its 5' end and an in-frame internal exon compared to variant 1
  • encoding the same isoform than variant 2
  • EXPRESSION
    Type widely
       expressed in (based on citations)
    organ(s)
    SystemOrgan level 1Organ level 2Organ level 3Organ level 4LevelPubmedSpeciesStageRna symbol
    Cardiovascularheart    
    Digestivestomach    
    Endocrineneuroendocrinepituitary  highly
     parathyroid   highly
    Reproductivemale systemtestis  highly Homo sapiens
    Respiratorylung   highly
    Urinarykidney    
    tissue
    SystemTissueTissue level 1Tissue level 2LevelPubmedSpeciesStageRna symbol
    Blood / Hematopoieticbone marrow   
    Muscularstriatum   
    cells
    SystemCellPubmedSpeciesStageRna symbol
    Blood/Hematopoieticleukocyte
    Lymphoid/Immunemacrophage
    NervousSchwann cell
    cell lineage
    cell lines
    fluid/secretion
    at STAGE
    PROTEIN
    PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    STRUCTURE
    motifs/domains
    secondary structure
  • PACRG adopts a helical repeat fold with a loop that interacts with MEIG1
  • HOMOLOGY
    interspecies homolog to murine Pacrg (91.7 pc)
    Homologene
    FAMILY
    CATEGORY chaperone/stress
    SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION     intracellular
    intracellular,cytoplasm,cytosolic,vesicle
    intracellular,nucleus
    text coexpressed with PARK2
    basic FUNCTION
  • suppressing cell-death induced by accumulation of unfolded GPR37 (PAELR)
  • facilitating the formation of GPR37 inclusions
  • unrecognized sensory/signaling functions for PACRG with a role for this protein in promoting longevity
  • plays a role in regulating specific ciliary dyneins during microtubule sliding
  • may play an important role in the formation of Lewy bodies and protection of dopaminergic neurons against Parkinson's disease
  • plays a role in regulating dynein-driven microtubule sliding in motile cilia
  • PACRG and VPS25 form the inner junction between the A- and B-tubule along the length of all nine ciliary doublet microtubules
  • function of the PACRG family of proteins and MEIG1 in regulating axoneme assembly
  • PACRG may play important roles in regulation of gene transcription
  • CELLULAR PROCESS protein, ubiquitin dependent proteolysis
    PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS
    PATHWAY
    metabolism
    signaling
    a component
  • component of a complex with HSP70, HSP90, chaperonin
  • INTERACTION
    DNA
    RNA
    small molecule
    protein
  • interacting with STIP1, PARK2, GPR37, HSPA8, CCT1, CCT2, CCT3, CCT4, CCT5, CCT6A, CCT7, CCT8
  • binding to microtubules and alpha/beta-tubulin heterodimers with high affinity
  • MEIG1/PACRG forms a complex in the manchette and this complex is necessary to transport cargos, such as SPAG16, to build the sperm flagella
  • EFHC1 (EF-hand containing 1), a potential PACRG interaction partner similarly associated with the protofilament ribbon and ciliary motility, also positively regulates lifespan
  • PACRG and FAP20 comprise the inner junction bridge that serves as a hub for both directly modulating dynein-driven microtubule sliding, as well as for the assembly of additional ciliary components that play essential roles in generating coordinated ciliary beating
  • PACRG binds to the adaptor protein meiosis expressed gene 1 (MEIG1)
  • similarly to PRKN, PACRG promoted NFKB1 activation in response to TNF
  • cell & other
  • PACRG interacts with the radial spokes
  • binds at the inner junction between doublet microtubules of the axoneme, a structure found in flagella and cilia
  • REGULATION
    ASSOCIATED DISORDERS
    corresponding disease(s) PARK2
    Other morbid association(s)
    TypeGene ModificationChromosome rearrangementProtein expressionProtein Function
    constitutional        
    Parkinson disease (component of Lewy bodies )
    tumoral     --low  
    in clear-cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCCs) compared with nonmalignant tissues
    Susceptibility
  • to leprosy
  • to azoospermia
  • Variant & Polymorphism SNP , other
  • increasing the susceptibility to leprosy
  • variation in the promoter was demonstrated to be a risk factor associated with azoospermia
  • Candidate gene
    Marker
    Therapy target
    SystemTypeDisorderPubmed
    reproductioncontraception 
    small molecules that block MEIG1/PACRG interaction are likely ideal targets for the development of male contraconception drugs
    ANIMAL & CELL MODELS