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FLASH GENE

Symbol

HRG

contributors: mct/npt - updated : 22-03-2018

HGNC name	histidine-rich glycoprotein
HGNC id	5181

FLASH GENE DNA RNA EXPRESSION PROTEIN DISORDER ANIMAL & CELL MODELS

DNA

TYPE	functioning gene
STRUCTURE	12.23 kb     7 Exon(s)

10 Kb 5' upstream gene genomic sequence study

MAPPING

cloned

Y

linked

N

status

confirmed

RNA

TRANSCRIPTS	type	messenger

identification nb exons type bp product Protein kDa AA specific expression Year Pubmed NM_000412 7 - 1964 NP_000403 57.7 525 - Handerson (2009)

EXPRESSION

Type

expressed in	(based on citations)
organ(s)	System Organ level 1 Organ level 2 Organ level 3 Organ level 4 Level Pubmed Species Stage Rna symbol Digestive liver         Urinary kidney

cell lineage
cell lines
fluid/secretion	plasma

at STAGE

PROTEIN

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

STRUCTURE

motifs/domains	two cystatin-like domains
	two intrachain disulfide bonds
	histidine-rich glycoprotein
	histidine-rich and heparin-binding domain mediating the antibacterial activity of the protein (Rydengard 2007)

conjugated

GlycoP

HOMOLOGY

Homologene

FAMILY

cystatin (cysteine proteinase inhibitor) superfamily

CATEGORY

enzyme

SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION

extracellular

basic FUNCTION	playing a role in modulating coagulation and fibrinolysis
	has the unique property of selectively recognizing necrotic cells and may play an important physiological role by facilitating the uptake and clearance of necrotic, but not apoptotic, cells by phagocytes (Jones 2005)
	exerts antibacterial effects against Gram-positive bacteria (enterococcus faecalis and staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (escherichia coli and pseudomonas aeruginosa) (Rydengard 2007)
	may assist in the maintenance of normal immune function by mediating the clearance of necrotic material, inhibiting the formation of insoluble immune complexes and enhancing their ability to activate complement, resulting in faster clearance (Manderson 2009)

CELLULAR PROCESS

PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS

PATHWAY

metabolism

signaling

a component

INTERACTION

DNA

RNA

small molecule

protein	binding plasminogen and heparin
	plasma proteins involved in blood coagulation and fibronolysis
	also binds very strongly, in a heparan sulfate-independent manner, to cytoplasmic ligand(s) exposed in necrotic cells (interaction is mediated by the N-terminal domain of HRG and results in enhanced phagocytosis of the necrotic cells by a monocytic cell line) (Jones 2005)
	binds strongly to several complement proteins: C1q, factor H and C4b-binding protein (both HRG and C1q bind to necrotic cells and increase their phagocytosis) (Manderson 2009)
	NR1H4 controls the liver derived tumor suppressor HRG

cell & other

REGULATION

Other

proteolytic cleavage of HRG by plasmin may provide a feedback mechanism to regulate the effects of HRG on the plasminogen/plasmin system and other functions of HRG (Poon 2009)

ASSOCIATED DISORDERS

corresponding disease(s)

HRG

Susceptibility

to shortening of the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)

Variant & Polymorphism SNP	a nonsynonymous coding SNP (610C>T, Pro204Ser) in exon 5 increasing the risk of aPTT (Houlihan 2010)

Candidate gene

Marker

Therapy target

ANIMAL & CELL MODELS