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| Ectopic expression of Tbx3 in mice revealed that Tbx3 represses the atrial phenotype and imposes the pacemaker phenotype on the atria and the mice displayed arrhythmias and developed functional ectopic pacemakers | |
arrhythmias in Tbx3-deficient embryos are accompanied by disrupted expression of multiple ion channels despite preserved expression of previously described conduction system markers  |
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Tbx3-deficient embryos developed outflow tract malformations and ventricular septal defects |
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mice lacking Tbx3 develop severe outflow tract defects, including connection of both the aorta and pulmonary trunk with the right ventricle, in addition to aortic arch artery anomalies and abnormal communication between the right atrium and left ventricle |