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FLASH GENE
Symbol KCNQ1 contributors: mct - updated : 26-04-2017
HGNC name potassium voltage-gated channel, KQT-like subfamily, member 1
HGNC id 6294
PROTEIN
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Hydrophobic
STRUCTURE
motifs/domains
  • N-terminal juxtamembranous domain critical for channel surface expression, an trafficking
  • six putative membrane-spanning domains (S1 to S6)
  • an hydrophobic pore including the P domain with the K+ channel signature
  • TM domains five and six, sensitive to changes in membrane potential, invoved in channel function but this depends on the electrical charge or the size of amino acid residue
  • a C terminal assembly domain for KVLQT1 subunits, that may be important for the subunit dominant-negative actions
    • mono polymer heteromer , polymer
    HOMOLOGY
    interspecies homolog to Drosophila shaker-related subfamily
    ortholog to rattus Kcnq1
    ortholog to murine Kcnq1
    homolog to C. elegans kqt-31
    Homologene
    FAMILY
  • KCNE protein family
  • KQT subfamily
    • CATEGORY transport channel
    SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION     plasma membrane
        intracellular
    intracellular,cytoplasm,organelle,membrane
    intracellular,cytoplasm,organelle,endosome
    intracellular,cytoplasm,organelle,lysosome
    intracellular,cytoplasm,cytosolic,vesicle
    text
  • located in or toward the apical membrane of the cells
    • basic FUNCTION
  • required for the repolarization phase of the cardiac action potential
  • playing a role in muscle contraction
  • role of a number of KCNQ channel members in controlling basal anion secretion in the airway epithelium
  • potassium channel subunits KCNQ1 and KCNE2 form a thyroid-stimulating hormone–stimulated, constitutively active, thyrocyte K+ channel required for normal thyroid hormone biosynthesis
  • KCNQ1 voltage-gated potassium channel and its auxiliary subunit KCNE1 play a crucial role in the regulation of the heartbeat
  • is endocytosed upon initiation of the polarization process and sent for degradation by the lysosomal pathway
  • KCNQ1 voltage sensors move relatively independently, but the channel can conduct before all voltage sensors have activated
  • crucial for heart development and function (PUID: 23028363)
  • KCNQ1 ion channels require a lipid to couple voltage sensing to pore opening
  • plays a critical role in the cardiac action potential
  • plays important roles in the cardiac action potential
  • is a voltage-gated potassium channel and its channel activity is regulated by membrane potentials
  • in cardiac myocytes, KCNQ1/KCNE1 complexes are thought to give rise to the delayed rectifier current IKs, which contributes to cardiac action potential repolarization
    • CELLULAR PROCESS
    PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS
    text cation transport
    PATHWAY
    metabolism
    signaling sensory transduction/hearing
    a component
  • associating with KCNE1 to form the slow delayed-rectifier IKS channel (KCNQ1 and KCNE1 subunits coassemble to form the I(Ks) channel)
  • forming multimer with KCNE1, KCNE3
  • directly associates with KCNE4, and can co-associate together with KCNE1 in the same KCNQ1 complex to form a 'triple subunit' complex (KCNE1-KCNQ1-KCNE4)
  • KCNQ1, KCNQ5 form heterotetrameric channels increasing the diversity of structures which fine-tune blood vessel reactivity
    • INTERACTION
    DNA
    RNA
    small molecule metal binding,
  • K+
    • protein
  • KCNE2 resulting in a drastic change of current amplitude and gating properties
  • interacting with NEDD4, NEDD4L (KCNQ1 internalization and stability is physiologically regulated by its NEDD4/NEDD4-like-dependent ubiquitylation)
  • interaction with KCNE1 (distal C-terminus interacts with the coiled-coil helix C of KCNQ1 tetramerization domain)
  • protein-protein interaction between the KCNE1 C-terminal domain and the KCNQ1 S6 activation gate and S4-S5 linker
  • KCNE2 influences blood-cerebrospinal fluid anion flux by regulating KCNQ1 and KCNA3 in the choroid plexus epithelium
  • CTNNB1 enhanced the KCNE1/KCNQ1 protein abundance in the cell membrane
  • KCNQ1 channels in both the absence and the presence of KCNE1 undergo likely sequential gating transitions leading to channel opening even before all voltage sensor domains (VSDs)have moved
  • in later developmental stages, KCNQ1OT1 has a role in modulating KCNQ1 levels, since its absence leads to overexpression of KCNQ1
  • direct interactions between KCNQ1 and KCNH2 occuring in both intact heterologous cells and primary cardiomyocytes and are mediated by their COOH termini
  • KCNQ1 is regulated by non-pore forming regulatory KCNE beta-subunits
  • KCNE1 (mutation affecting KCNE1 activation through interaction with KCNQ1), association of KCNE1 subunit is necessary for maintaining the normal conductance and kinetics of KCNQ1 channel
  • Klotho upregulates KCNQ1/KCNE1 channel activity by “mainly” enhancing channel protein abundance in the plasma cell membrane
  • conductance and dynamics of KCNQ1 could be modulated by different single transmembrane helical auxiliary proteins (such as KCNE1, KCNE2)
  • when co-expressed in oocytes, CALML3 rendered KCNQ1 channels resistant to the voltage-dependent depletion of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate by voltage-sensitive phosphatase
  • STK39 and OXSR1 participate in the regulation of KCNQ1/KCNE1 protein abundance and activity
  • SGMS1 positively regulates KCNQ1/KCNE1 channel density in a protein kinase D-dependent manner
  • KCNQ1/KCNE1 channel does not require INPP5J or PI(4)P for anterograde trafficking, but is heavily reliant on INPP5J for channel function once at the plasma membrane (PM)
    • cell & other
    REGULATION
    inhibited by KCNE4 (has a dramatic inhibitory effect on KCNQ1 that differs substantially from the activating effects of KCNE1 and KCNE3)
    Other by PKA-dependent phosphorylation requiring a macromolecular complex including PRKARZA, PPP1CA and yotiao (AKAP9)
    ASSOCIATED DISORDERS
    corresponding disease(s) JLNS1 , LQT1 , ATFB3 , SQT2
    related resource Long QT Syndrome Database
    Gene Connection for the Heart
    Congenital Long QT Syndrome
    Other morbid association(s)
    TypeGene ModificationChromosome rearrangementProtein expressionProtein Function
    constitutional   deletion    
    maybe disrupted in (some) Beckwith-Wiedemann syndromes, see KCNQ1OT1
    constitutional germinal mutation      
    massive truncation of the C-terminal domain of KCNQ1 subunit (Y461X) severely impairs channel assembly, trafficking, and function and homozygous inheritance might cause arrhythmic disorders due to the total loss of the cardiac slow delayed rectifier K+ current
    Susceptibility
  • to arrhythmia or sudden death
  • to type 2 diabetes mellitus
  • to atrial fibrillation
  • to sudden infant death syndrome (with short or long QT)
    • Variant & Polymorphism SNP , other
  • 2031+932 A>G increasing the risk of risk of arrhythmia or sudden death
  • polymorphisms increasing the risk of to type 2 diabetes mellitus
  • variants associated to sudden infant death syndrome (with short or long QT)
  • K1493R associated to atrial fibrillation (leads to a significant positive shift in voltage-dependence of inactivation and a large ramp current near resting membrane potential, indicating a gain-of-function)
    • Candidate gene
  • physical interaction between KCNQ1 and KCNE1 is potentially affected in some LQTS mutations
    • Marker
    Therapy target
    SystemTypeDisorderPubmed
    cardiovascularrythm 
    modulation of KCNQ1 splicing may help prevent arrhythmia
    ANIMAL & CELL MODELS
  • targeted disruption of mouse Kcnq1
  • Kcne2-deficient mice had hypothyroidism, dwarfism, alopecia, goiter and cardiac abnormalities including hypertrophy, fibrosis, and reduced fractional shortening
  • potential therapeutic target for thyroid disorders