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FLASH GENE
Symbol MT2A contributors: mct/npt - updated : 22-10-2015
HGNC name metallothionein 2A
HGNC id 7406
Location 16q13      Physical location : 56.642.477 - 56.643.408
Synonym name metallothionein-II
Synonym symbol(s) MT2, CES1, MT-II
DNA
TYPE functioning gene
STRUCTURE 0.88 kb     3 Exon(s)
10 Kb 5' upstream gene genomic sequence study
MAPPING cloned Y linked N status confirmed
RNA
TRANSCRIPTS type messenger
identificationnb exonstypebpproduct
ProteinkDaAAspecific expressionYearPubmed
3 - 466 - 61 - 2001 11133866
EXPRESSION
Type widely
   expressed in (based on citations)
organ(s)
SystemOrgan level 1Organ level 2Organ level 3Organ level 4LevelPubmedSpeciesStageRna symbol
Digestiveliver   highly
Endocrineadrenal gland   highly
tissue
SystemTissueTissue level 1Tissue level 2LevelPubmedSpeciesStageRna symbol
Muscularstriatumskeletal  
cell lineage
cell lines
fluid/secretion
at STAGE
PROTEIN
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
STRUCTURE
motifs/domains
  • two metal-binding domains: four divalent ions are chelated
    • within cluster A of the alpha domain and are coordinated via cysteinyl thiolate bridges to 11 cysteine ligands
    conjugated MetalloP
    HOMOLOGY
    Homologene
    FAMILY
  • metallothionein superfamily
  • type 1 family
    • CATEGORY storage
    SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION extracellular
        intracellular
    intracellular,cytoplasm,cytosolic
    intracellular,nucleus
    text synaptic vesicle
    basic FUNCTION
  • having a high content of cysteine residues that bind various heavy metals and playing a role in oxidative stress
  • can function as a chaperone for zinc uptake transport into prostate and liver mitochondria (Costello 2004)
  • cysteine-rich, metal-binding protein providing protection against cadmium toxicity in mammals (Rigby Duncan 2008)
  • have crucial biological functions including cell proliferation and apoptosis, homeostasis of essential metals, cellular free radical scavenging, and metal detoxification (Kayaalti 2009)
  • could plausibly modulate cell cycle progression from G1- to S-phase via the ATM/Chk2/cdc25A pathway (Lim 2009)
  • down-regulation of MT isoforms in proliferating keloid fibroblast (KF), in particular MT2A, enhances keloidogenesis with the possible involvement of the NFKB1 signalling pathway
  • might be involved in insulin resistance through the up-regulation of Metallothioneins (Mts) gene expression, which may lead to the modulation of insulin action in fat cells
    • CELLULAR PROCESS
    PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS
    PATHWAY
    metabolism
    signaling
    a component
  • TTR-MT1A/MT2A protein complex (Goncalves 2008)
    • INTERACTION
    DNA
    RNA
    small molecule metal binding,
  • heavy metal ions
    • protein
  • promotes breast cancer cell invasion by upregulating MMP9 via AP1 and NFKB1 activation
  • AHR was recruited to the glucocorticoid response element in the MT2A promoter
  • interaction with HMBOX1, that regulated intracellular free zinc level by interacting with MT2A to inhibit apoptosis and promote autophagy in vascular endothelial cells (VECs)
    • cell & other
    REGULATION
    induced by heavy metal ions
    Other transcriptionally regulated by both heavy metals and glucocorticoids
    ASSOCIATED DISORDERS
    corresponding disease(s)
    Other morbid association(s)
    TypeGene ModificationChromosome rearrangementProtein expressionProtein Function
    constitutional       loss of function
    significantly down-regulated in proliferating keloid fibroblast (KF)
    constitutional     --over  
    MT1A/MT2A expression was increased in hippocampi from temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients
    tumoral     --low  
    downregulated in colon cancer tissue
    Susceptibility
  • to coronary heart disease (CHD)
  • to metal toxicity
    • Variant & Polymorphism SNP
  • polymorphism of MT2A-838G/C is correlated to CHD, and the C allele might be a CHD-susceptible gene and might also have an effect on the extent of coronary artery disease
  • the 5-GG genotype individuals may be more sensitive for the metal toxicity and they should be more careful about protecting their health against the toxic effects of the heavy metals
    • Candidate gene
    Marker
  • levels of MT1F and MT2A mRNA could be considered as new markers of poor prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer patients
    • Therapy target
    ANIMAL & CELL MODELS