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FLASH GENE
Symbol LDLR contributors: mct/pgu - updated : 26-01-2018
HGNC name low density lipoprotein receptor (familial hypercholesterolemia)
HGNC id 6547
PROTEIN
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
STRUCTURE
motifs/domains
  • three EGF-like domains
  • seven 7 LDL-receptor class A domains
  • six LDL-receptor class B repeats
  • at least 30 AAs in the cytoplasmic domain were required for the LDLR to efficiently exit the ER
  • conjugated GlycoP , ubiquitinated
    HOMOLOGY
    interspecies homolog to rattus Ldlr (77.23 pc)
    homolog to murine Ldlr (78.61 pc)
    Homologene
    FAMILY
  • LDLR family
  • CATEGORY receptor membrane
    SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION     plasma membrane
        intracellular
    intracellular,cytoplasm,organelle,membrane
    intracellular,cytoplasm,organelle,endoplasmic reticulum
    intracellular,cytoplasm,organelle,Golgi
    intracellular,cytoplasm,organelle,endosome
    intracellular,cytoplasm,organelle,lysosome
    text
  • single-pass type I membrane protein
  • newly synthesized LDLR exit the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as the first step in the secretory pathway
  • LRP6 and LDLR colocalized both on the cell surface and within the cytoplasm
  • basic FUNCTION
  • binding LDL, the major cholesterol-carrying lipoprotein of plasma, and transporting it into cells by endocytosis
  • inflammation-induced disruption of the LDLR pathway was significantly associated with enhanced BMP2 and collagen I expression
  • critical determinant of plasma cholesterol levels that internalizes lipoprotein cargo via clathrin-mediated endocytosis
  • CELLULAR PROCESS
    PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS endocytosis transport
    PATHWAY
    metabolism lipid/lipoprotein
    signaling
    a component
  • LDLR-PCSK9 complex is internalized via clathrin-mediated endocytosis and then routed to lysosomes via a mechanism that does not require ubiquitination and is distinct from the autophagy and proteosomal degradation pathways
  • INTERACTION
    DNA
    RNA
    small molecule
    protein
  • interacting with LDLRAP1
  • interacting with Hepatitis C virus E1 and E2 proteins
  • interacting with PCSK9
  • MYLIP-UBE2D complex is an important determinant of LDLR activity
  • PCSK9 binding to LDLR lead to its intracellular degradation instead of recycling back to cell membrane, and PCSK9-mediated LDLR degradation requires LDLR ubiquitination
  • LRP6 is indispensable for proper LDLR internalization
  • important role of FGF21 and CNPY2 in the regulation of LDLRs
  • PCSK9 is a secreted protein that promotes degradation of cell surface LDL receptors (LDLRs) in selected cell types
  • MYLIP is recruited to the plasma membrane by LDLR, promotes LDLR internalization in the absence of clathrin or caveolae, and facilitates LDLR degradation
  • MYLIP catalyzes the transfer of ubiquitin chains to itself and to the LDLR that do not contain exclusively K48 or K63 linkages
  • PCSK9 is capable of inducing degradation of LRP1, the latter is not an essential factor for LDLR regulation, but the LDLR effectively competes with LRP1 for PCSK9 activity
  • LDLR was shown to mediate clearance of blood coagulation factor VIII (F8) from the circulation
  • binding of WT- ectodomain (ED-LDLR) to pro-PCSK9 in the ER promotes autocatalytic cleavage of PCSK9, and autocatalytically cleaved PCSK9 acts as a chaperone to promote the exit of WT-ED-LDLR from the ER
  • interactors of GCGR, LDLR and TMED2, significantly enhanced glucagon-stimulated glucose production, while YWHAB inhibited glucose production
  • MYLIP is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets LDLR for degradation, is a critical determinant of brain APOE metabolism and APP plaque biogenesis
  • binding of PCSK9 to HSP90B1 protects LDLR from degradation likely by preventing early binding of PCSK9 to LDLR within the ER
  • PAQR3 plays a pivotal role in controlling hepatic LDLR degradation and blood LDL-C level via modulating LDLR-PCSK9 interaction
  • cell & other
    REGULATION
    inhibited by MYLIP inducing degradation of LDLR via protein ubiquitination
    repressed by overexpression of PCSK9, through a nonproteasomal mechanism in a post-endoplasmic reticulum compartment
    Other ubiquitination system is involved in PCSK9-induced LDLR degradation
    ASSOCIATED DISORDERS
    corresponding disease(s) LDLR
    related resource Hypercholesterolemia, Familial
    Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Mutation Database
    Susceptibility
  • to migraine without aura
  • to cerebral infarction
  • Variant & Polymorphism other
  • G142A polymorphism increases the risk of migraine without aura
  • haplotypes rs688 and rs5925 provided preliminary evidence suggesting that genetic polymorphisms of LDLR are associated with cerebral infarction
  • Candidate gene
    Marker
    Therapy target
    ANIMAL & CELL MODELS
  • in c-IAP1 null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), there is a dramatic decrease in secreted mature PCSK9 protein accompanied by a significant increase in LDLR protein levels compared with matched wild-type MEF cells